Methods of using anti-mir126 compounds

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are, inter alia, methods of treating red blood cell disorders and cancer using anti-miR126 compounds. The methods include administering phosphorothioated CpG oligodeoxynucleotides conjugated to an anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence to treat red blood cell disorders. Other methods provided herein include administering phosphorothioated CpG oligodeoxynucleotides conjugated to an anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence and a tyrosine kinase inhibitor to treat cancer.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/814,204, filed Mar. 5, 2019, which is incorporated herein byreference in entirety and for all purposes

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSOREDRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under grant nos.CA205247, CA102031, CA201184, CA213131, CA180861, CA158350, and CA184411awarded by the National Cancer Institute, and grant no. P30CA33572awarded by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes ofHealth. The government has certain rights in the invention.

REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAMLISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED AS AN ASCII FILE

The Sequence Listing written in file048440-689001US_SequenceListing_ST25.TXT, created Mar. 4, 2020, 5,613bytes, machine format IBM-PC, MS Windows operating system, is herebyincorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferativedisorder characterized at the cytogenetic level by the translocation ofchromosomes 9q34 and 22q11¹. This translocation creates a fusion gene,BCR-ABL, which encodes a constitutively activated tyrosine kinaseresponsible for transforming normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) intoleukemia stem cells (LSCs). LSCs are characterized by growthfactor-independent proliferation and enhanced survival, resulting inuncontrolled myeloproliferation that eventually evolves into fatal blastcrisis if left untreated. CML LSCs are at the apex of malignant clonalhematopoiesis and initiate and maintain leukemia growth. In CML, LSCactivity is restricted to the LT-HSC-enriched Lin-CD34+CD38−CD90+ cellpopulation in humans, and the Lin-Sca-1+c-Kit+Flt3-CD150+CD48− cellpopulation in mice. CIVIL LSCs are thought to reside in a leukemia nichethat may be anatomically and functionally different from that of normalHSCs.

Currently, oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are used as thefirst-line treatment to induce long-term disease remission in CMLpatients. Although most patients treated with TKI monotherapy achievemajor clinical and molecular responses, cells from the original BCR-ABLclone frequently persist, likely due to the failure of these agents toeliminate CML LSC³, and treatment discontinuation frequently results indisease relapse. Thus, the identification of mechanisms that support CMLLSC persistence is clinically relevant as it may enable the design ofnew targeting strategies aimed at complete disease elimination, allowingfor discontinuation of life-long TKI therapy.

miR-126-3p (miR-126) is a microRNA (miRNA) that is highly expressed innormal HSCs and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and restrainscell-cycle progression during hematopoiesis⁴. Our group and others haveshown that increased miR-126 levels are associated with an increasedfrequency of quiescent LSCs and a worse outcome in acute myeloidleukemia (AML)⁵⁻⁸. Here we show that miR-126 biogenesis in CIVIL LSCs isdown-regulated through a BCR-ABL-dependent mechanism, a finding which isseemingly inconsistent with a pro-leukemic role for miR-126. However,miR-126 is also highly expressed in endothelial cells (ECs)⁹. Anatomicaland functional connections between the endothelium and normal HSCsregulate normal hematopoiesis¹⁰. We hypothesized that miR-126 maymediate a functional interplay between ECs and LSCs in the leukemia BMniche that regulates CML progression. Consistent with this hypothesis,we found that ECs supply miR-126 to CML LSCs to modulate theirquiescence and self-renewal.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In an aspect is provided a method of treating anemia in a subject inneed thereof, the method including administering to the subject aneffective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound.

In another aspect is provided a method of treating or preventing anemiain a subject in need thereof, the method including: (i) isolating ahematopoietic stem cell (HSC) from a subject, thereby forming anisolated HSC; (ii) contacting the isolated HSC with an anti-microRNA126(miR126) compound thereby forming a contacted HSC; and administering thecontacted HSC to the subject, thereby treating or preventing anemia inthe subject.

In an aspect a method of forming a red blood cell is provided, themethod including: (i) contacting a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) with ananti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound, thereby forming a contacted HSC; andallowing the contacted HSC to divide, thereby forming a red blood cell.

In an aspect is provided a method of treating cancer in a subject inneed thereof, the method including administering to the subject atherapeutically effective amount of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and atherapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126)compound.

In another aspect, is provided a method of treating cancer in a subjectin need thereof, the method including administering to the subject atherapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126)compound, wherein the subject has been treated with a tyrosine kinaseinhibitor prior to the administering a therapeutically effective amountof an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound.

In another aspect, is provided a method of treating cancer in a subjectundergoing cancer treatment, the method including administering to thesubject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126(miR126) compound.

In another aspect, is provided a method of treating a chemoresistantcancer in a subject in need thereof, the method including administeringto the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126(miR126) compound.

In an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition including a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient, an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound and atyrosine kinase inhibitor is provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1P. The figure shows that human and mouse CML LSCs express thehighest levels of miR-126 among CML subpopulations. FIG. 1A and FIG. 1Bshow miR-126 expression, as assessed by QPCR, in HPCs [Lin-CD34+(CD34+)and Lin-CD34+CD38+(CD38+)], HSCs [Lin-CD34+CD38− (CD38−) andLin-CD34+CD38−CD90− (CD90−)] and LT-HSCs [Lin-CD34+CD38−CD90+(CD90+)]from blood and BM samples from normal donors (n=12 biologicallyindependent samples) (FIG. 1A) and newly diagnosed CP CIVIL patients(n=12 biologically independent samples) (FIG. 1B). FIG. 1C and FIG. 1Dshow miR-126 expression, as assessed by QPCR, in the indicated BMsubpopulations from normal (FIG. 1C) and CML (FIG. 1D) mice (n=6). FIGS.1E-1I show miR-126 expression (FIG. 1E), cell cycle analysis, where thelegend from top to bottom represents each group of three data pointsfrom left to right (FIG. 1F), apoptosis (FIG. 1G), CFCs (FIG. 1H) andCFC replating efficiency (FIG. 1I) of CML Lin-CD34+CD38− cellstransduced with anti-miR-126 (KD), miR-126 precursor (OE) or control(Ctrl) lentiviruses (n=4 biologically independent samples). FIGS. 1J-1Mshow miR-126 expression (FIG. 1J), cell cycle analysis, wherein thelegend from top to bottom represents each group of three data pointsfrom left to right (FIG. 1K), apoptosis (FIG. 1L), and CFCs (FIG. 1M) ofLT-HSCs from induced SCLtTA/BCR-ABL mice after transduction with miR-126KD, miR-126 OE, or control lentiviruses (n=4 independent experiments).FIG. 1N shows miR-126 expression, as assessed by QPCR, in quiescentHoechst-Pyronin-(G0) LT-HSCs and proliferatingHoechst+/−Pyronin+(G1/S/G2/M) LT-HSCs from normal or SCLtTA/BCR-ABL mice(n=4 independent samples). FIG. 1O and FIG. 1P show White blood cell(WBC) counts (FIG. 1O) and donor CML cell engraftment in PB (FIG. 1P) ofmice transplanted with G0 or G1/S/G2/M LT-HSCs from CML mice (n=10).Comparison between groups was performed by two-tailed, paired Student'st-test. P values ≤0.05 were considered significant. Results shownrepresent mean±SEM. *p≤0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001.

FIGS. 2A-20. The figure shows that BCR-ABL down-regulates miR-126expression in CML cells. FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B show miR-126 expression innormal and CML cell populations from human samples, as assessed by QPCR(n=10 biologically independent samples) wherein for each group of twodata points, the data point on the left represents data for normal cellsand the data point on the right represents data for CML cells (FIG. 2A)and miRNA staining (FIG. 2B) using 3 independent samples with similarresults. FIG. 2C shows miR-126 expression, as assessed by QPCR, in theindicated BM cell populations from normal and CML mice (n=6) wherein foreach group of two data points, the data point on the left representsdata for normal cells and the data point on the right represents datafor CML cells. FIGS. 2D-2E show BCR-ABL (FIG. 2D) and miR-126 (FIG. 2E)expression in normal mouse BM LSK cells transduced with BCR-ABL orcontrol (Ctrl) retroviruses, as assessed by QPCR at 24 h aftertransduction (n=4 independent experiments). FIG. 2F and FIG. 2G showCell cycle (FIG. 2F) and cell growth (FIG. 2G) analyses (n=4 independentexperiments) of the cells from FIG. 2D and FIG. 2E at 48 h aftertransduction, wherein for each set of two data points, the data point onthe left represents data for cells transduced with control retrovirusesand the data point on the right represents data for cells transducedwith BCR-ABL retroviruses. FIG. 2H and FIG. 2I show BCR-ABL (FIG. 2H)and miR-126 (FIG. 2I) expression, as assessed by QPCR, in LT-HSCs fromnon-induced CML mice (tet off) cultured for 24 h in the presence(non-induction) or absence (BCR-ABL (B/A) induction) of tetracycline (2μg/ml) (n=3 independent animals in each group). FIG. 2J and FIG. 2K showCell cycle (FIG. 2J) and cell growth (FIG. 2K) analyses (n=4 independentexperiments in each group) of the cells from FIG. 2H and FIG. 2I at 48 hafter BCR-ABL induction, wherein for each set of two data points, thedata point on the left represents data for non-induced cells and thedata point on the right represents data for induced cells. FIG. 2L showsmiR-126 expression, as assessed by QPCR, in human CML Lin-CD34+CD38−cells treated with NIL (2 μM) for the indicated periods of time (n=4independent experiments). Mean±SEM was shown. FIG. 2M shows miR-126expression, as assessed by QPCR, in CML Lin-CD34+CD38− cells. For eachgroup of three data points, the data points from left to right representcells treated with DMSO (Ctrl), 2 μM or 5 μM NIL (n=5 independentsamples). FIG. 2N shows miR-126 expression, as assessed by miRNAstaining, in normal and CML Lin-CD34+CD38− cells treated with DMSO orNIL (5 μM) The experiments were repeated using 4 independent sampleswith similar results. FIG. 2O shows cell cycle analysis of human CMLLin-CD34+CD38− cells treated with DMSO (Ctrl) or 5 μM NIL (n=4), whereinfor each group of two data points, the data point on the left representsdata for Ctrl cells and the data point on the right represents data forcells treated with NIL. Comparison between groups was performed bytwo-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test. P values ≤0.05 were consideredsignificant. Results shown represent mean±SEM. *p≤0.05, **p<0.01,***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001.

FIGS. 3A-3S. The figures show BCR-ABL deregulates miR-126 biogenesis.FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B show pri-miR-126 (n=8 biologically independentsamples) (FIG. 3A) and pre-miR-126 (n=8 biologically independentsamples) (FIG. 3B) expression levels, as assessed by QPCR, in theindicated human normal and CML cell populations. For each group of twodata sets, the group on the left represents data for normal cellpoputions and the group on the right represents data for CML cellpopulations. FIG. 3C shows BCR-ABL and SPRED1 staining in CML CD34+cells by immunofluorescence (IF). FIG. 3D shows immunoprecipitation (IP)with anti-SPRED1 followed by immunoblotting (IB) with anti-SPRED1 andanti-phosphotyrosine (p-Tyr) antibodies (left) and an in vitro kinaseassay (right), as performed by IP with anti-c-Abl or anti-normal mouseIgG as control and immunoblotting with anti-SPRED1, in lysates of K562cells treated with none, DMSO (vehicle) or NIL. FIG. 3E shows IP withanti-RAN followed by D3 with anti-SPRED1 and anti-RAN antibodies inlysates of K562 cells. FIG. 3F shows SPRED1 and RAN staining by IF inK562 cells treated with none, DMSO or NIL. FIG. 3G shows SPRED1, RAN,RCC1 and Exp-5 expression in cytoplasmic (Cyt) and nuclear (Nu)fractions from K562 cells, treated with DMSO or NIL, as assessed by D3.Densitometric quantification of selected bands is shown (normalized tothe actin loading control for total and Cyt lysates or to the PARPloading control for Nu lysates). FIG. 3H shows IP with anti-RAN followedby D3 with anti-SPRED1, RAN, Exp-5 and RCC1 antibodies in lysates ofK562 cells, CML CD34+ cells, and normal CD34+ cells treated with DMSO orNIL. Densitometric quantification of selected bands is shown (normalizedto the actin loading control). FIG. 3I shows mature (left two bars),pri- (middle two bars) and pre-miR-126 (right two bars) expression, asassessed by QPCR, in K562 and CML CD34+ cells treated with DMSO or NIL(n=3 independent experiments for K562 and 3 independent samples for CMLcells). FIG. 3J shows IP with anti-RAN followed by D3 with anti-SPRED1,Exp-5, RCC1 and RAN antibodies in lysates of K562 cells without or withwashing-off of NIL. Densitometric quantification of selected bands isshown (normalized to the actin loading control). FIG. 3K and FIG. 3Mshow mature and pri-miR-126 expression as assessed by QPCR (n=3independent experiments) (FIG. 3K), miR-126 staining (FIG. 3L), andmature and pre-miR-126 levels as assessed by Northern blotting (FIG. 3M)in K562 cells with or without washing-off of NIL. FIG. 3N shows IP withanti-RAN followed by D3 with anti-Exp-5, RCC1 and RAN antibodies inlysates of K562 and CML CD34+ cells with control (siSCR) or SPRED1(siSPRED1) knockdown. Densitometric quantification of selected bands isshown (normalized to the actin loading control. FIG. 3O and FIG. 3P showmature (left two bars), pri- (middle two bars) and pre-miR-126 (righttwo bars) expression, assessed by QPCR (n=3 independent experiments)(FIG. 3O) and miR-126 staining (FIG. 3P) in siSCR and siSPRED1 treatedK562 cells. FIGS. 3Q-3S show mature (left two bars), pri- (middle twobars) and pre-miR-126 (right two bars) expression, as assessed by QPCR(n=3 independent experiments) (FIG. 3Q) and miR-126 staining (FIG. 3R)in K562 cells without (siSCR) or with RAN KD (siRAN), as assessed by D3with anti-RNA and anti-actin antibodies (FIG. 3S). All of the above IF,IP, D3 and miRNA staining experiments including FIGS. 3C-H, FIG. 3J,FIGS. 3L-N, FIG. 3P, FIG. 3R, and FIG. 3S, were repeated at least twiceusing independent samples, with similar results. Full-length gels andblots with molecular weight standards for FIG. 3D, FIG. 3E, FIG. 3G,FIG. 3H, FIG. 3J, FIG. 3M, FIG. 3N, and FIG. 3Q are provided in FIGS.14-16. Comparison between groups was performed by two-tailed, unpairedStudent's t-test. P values ≤0.05 were considered significant. Resultsshown represent mean±SEM. *p≤0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001.

FIGS. 4A-4S. The figure shows endothelial cells in the niche supplymiR-126 to normal and CML LT-HSCs. FIG. 4A shows gating strategy for theisolation of ECs (CD45−Ter119-CD31+), osteoblasts (OBs,CD45−Ter119-CD31−CD166+Sca-1-) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs,CD45−Ter119-CD31−CD166−Sca-1+). These experiments were repeated 5 timesindependently with similar results. FIG. 4B shows miR-126 expression, asassessed by QPCR in LT-HSCs, ECs, OBs and MSCs from normal and CML mice(n=5 biologically independent samples). For each group of two datapoints, the data point on the left represents data for normal cells andthe data point on the right represents data for CML cells. FIG. 4C showsmiR-126 expression in ECs from the BM of CML mice that were transducedwith miR-126 KD (126 KD) or control (Ctrl) lentiviruses, or in CMLLT-HSCs that were cultured alone (none) or co-cultured with the ECs thathad been transduced with control (Ctrl EC) or miR-126 KD (KD EC)lentiviruses (n=4 biologically independent samples). FIGS. 4D-4G showcell cycle analysis (n=4 biologically independent samples), wherein fromtop to bottom the legend represents each group of three data points fromleft to right (FIG. 4D), apoptosis (n=4) (FIG. 4E), cell growth (n=4)(FIG. 4F) and the percentage of Flt3-CD150+CD48− LSK cells (n=4) (FIG.4G) in CML LT-HSCs cultured alone or with control or miR-126 KD ECs.FIG. 4H shows miR-126 expression, as assessed by QPCR, in suspended(Susp) and EC-attached (Atta) sub-fractions of CML LT-HSCs (n=6independent experiments). FIGS. 4I-4K show WBC counts (FIG. 4I) and CMLdonor cell engraftment in PB at the indicated times, wherein from top tobottom the legend represents each group of three data points from leftto right (FIG. 4J) and survival (FIG. 4K) after recipient mice weretransplanted with CML LT-HSCs that had been cultured alone (upper-mostline at 100 days) or co-cultured with Ctrl EC (bottom line at 100 days)or KD EC (center line at 100 days) for 96 h (1,000 cells/mouse, n=8 ineach group). Comparison between groups was performed by two-tailed,unpaired Student's t-test. The log-rank test was used to assesssignificant differences between survival curves. FIG. 4L and FIG. 4Mshow representative flow cytometry plots of EC staining (FIG. 4L) andfrequency of Sca-1+ cells where the left two data points represent datafrom normal mice and the right two data points represent data from CMLmice (FIG. 4M) in endosteal or central ECs from normal and CML mice (n=4independent samples). FIG. 4N and FIG. 4O show miR-126 expression, asassessed by QPCR, in endosteal or central ECs (n=4 independent samples)(FIG. 4N) and in Sca-1+ or Sca-1-ECs (n=4 independent samples) (FIG. 4O)from normal and CML mice, where the left two data points represent datafrom normal mice and the right two data points represent data from CMLmice. FIG. 4P shows miR-126 expression, as assessed by QPCR, inendosteal or central LT-HSCs from normal and CML mice (n=6 independentsamples), where the left two data points represent data from normal miceand the right two data points represent data from CML mice. FIGS. 4Q-4Sshow representative flow cytometry plots of Ki-67 and DAPI staining ofendosteal or central LT-HSCs from normal and CML mice (FIG. 4Q), cellcycle analysis of endosteal or central LT-HSCs from normal (n=3) (FIG.4R) or CML (n=3) (FIG. 4S) mice, where the legend from top to bottomrepresents each set of two data points from left to right. Comparisonbetween groups was performed by two-tailed, paired Student's t-test. Pvalues ≤0.05 were considered significant. Results shown representmean±SEM. *p≤0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001.

FIGS. 5A-5R. The figures show endothelial cells in the BM niche supplymiR-126 to CIVIL LT-HSCs. FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B show frequency of BMmononuclear cell subpopulations (n=5 independent samples), where thelegend from top to bottom represents each set of two data points fromleft to right (FIG. 5A) and LT-HSCs (n=5) (FIG. 5B) inmiR-126flox/flox/Mx1-cre+ (Mx1+) and miR-126flox/flox/Mx1-cre− (Mx1-)mice at 16 weeks after pIpC injection. FIGS. 5C-5E show miR-126expression in CIVIL BM cells (n=4 independent samples) (FIG. 5C), WBCcounts where the legend from top to bottom represents each group of twodata sets from left to right (FIG. 5D) and survival, where data for Mx1+mice is represented by the line with higher percentage survival at day60 and data for Mx1− mice is represented by the line with lowerpercentage survival at day 60 (FIG. 5E) ofSCLtTA/BCR-ABL/miR-126flox/flox/Mx1+ or Mx1− mice subjected totetracycline withdrawal and pIpC injection (n=9). FIG. 5F shows CD45.2CML LT-HSCs (400 cells/mouse) from BCR-ABL-induced and pIpC-injectedSCLtATA/BCR-ABL/miR-126flox/flox/Mx1+ or Mx1-mice were transplanted intoCD45.1 congenic recipient mice (n=10 in each group). FIGS. 5G-5J showmiR-126 expression, as assessed by QPCR, in donor CML LT-HSCs (n=3independent samples) (FIG. 5G), WBC counts, where the legend from top tobottom represents each group of two data sets from left to right (FIG.5H), CML cell engraftment in PB, where the legend from top to bottomrepresents each group of two data sets from left to right (FIG. 5I) andsurvival, where data for Mx1+ mice is represented by the line withhigher percentage survival at day 150 and data for Mx1− mice isrepresented by the line with lower percentage survival at day 150 (FIG.5J) of recipient mice from FIG. 5F (n=10 each). FIG. 5K showsCD45.1/CD45.2 CML LT-HSCs (400 cells/mouse) from induced CML mice weretransplanted into CD45.2 congenic miR-126flox/flox/Tie2− (n=14),miR-126flox/wt(het)/Tie2+(n=10) and miR-126flox/flox(hom)/Tie2+recipient mice (n=8). FIGS. 5L-50 show miR-126 expression, as assessedby QPCR, in ECs sorted from the recipient mice from FIG. 5K (n=3independent samples) (FIG. 5L), WBC counts, wherein the legend from topto bottom represents each group of three data sets from left to right(FIG. 5M), CML cell engraftment in PB, wherein the legend from top tobottom represents each group of three data sets from left to right (FIG.5N) and survival, where lines from top to bottom at 200 days representdata for hom Tie2+, het Tie2+ and Tie2− mice, respectively (FIG. 5O) ofrecipient mice from FIG. 5K. FIG. 5P shows CD45.2 CML LT-HSCs (400cells/mouse) from BCR-ABL-induced and pIpC-injectedSCLtTA/BCR-ABL/miR-126flox/flox/Mx1+ or Mx1− mice were transplanted intoCD45.2 miR-126flox/wt/Tie2+ or Tie2− recipient mice (n=12 in eachgroup), respectively. FIG. 5Q and FIG. 5R show WBC counts, where thelegend from top to bottom represents each group of two data sets fromleft to right (FIG. 5Q) and survival, where the line with a higher valueat 150 days represents data for Mx1+ to Tie2+ mice and the line with alower value at 150 days represents data for Mx1+ to Tie2− mice(FIG. 5R)of the recipient mice from p. Comparison between groups was performed bytwo-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test. The log-rank test was used toassess significant differences between survival curves. P values ≤0.05were considered significant. Results shown represent mean±SEM. *p≤0.05,**p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001.

FIGS. 6A-6Q. The figures show miR-126 knockdown by lentiviruses orCpG-miR-126 inhibitor in combination with nilotinib enhances the in vivotargeting of CML LSCs. FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B show engraftment of humanCD45+GFP+ cells in PB at 4 weeks (n=8 independent samples) (FIG. 6A) andin BM at 16 weeks (n=10 independent samples) (FIG. 6B) in NSG-SGM3 micetransplanted with human CML Lin-CD34+CD38− cells (5×10⁵ cells/mouse,n=8-10 in each group), which were transduced with miR-126 KD or controllentiviruses and treated with NIL (5 μM) for 4 days. FIGS. 6C-6E showWBC counts (FIG. 6C), CML donor cell engraftment (FIG. 6D) and survival,where the line with 50 percent survival at approximately day 60represents data for Tie2− mice, the line with 50 percent survival atapproximately day 120 represents data for Tie2+ mice, the line with 50percent survival at approximately day 150 represents data forNIL+Tie2-mice, and the remaining line represents data for NIL+Tie2+(FIG.6E) of CD45.2 miR-126flox/wt/Tie2+ or Tie2− mice transplanted withCD45.1/CD45.2 CML LT-HSCs and treated with or without NIL (n=7 in eachgroup) for 3 weeks. The log-rank test was used to assess significantdifferences between survival curves. FIGS. 6F-61I show human CD45+(FIG.6F), CD45+CD34+CD38− HSC (FIG. 6G) and CD45+CD34+CD38−CD90+ LT-HSC (FIG.6H) engraftment in BM of NSG-SGM3 mice transplanted with human CD34+cells from CP CML patient samples and then treated with scrRNA (5 mg/kg,i.v. 4 times a week, n=15), inhibitor (5 mg/kg i.v. 4 times a week,n=14), scrRNA+NIL (50 mg/kg, daily by gavage, n=15), or inhibitor+NIL(n=16) for 3 weeks (total 60 mice). FIGS. 6O-6O show percentage of donorCML cells in PB (FIG. 6I), spleen (FIG. 6J) and BM (FIG. 6K), numbers ofdonor CML LSK in spleen (FIG. 6L) and BM (FIG. 6M), and numbers of donorCML LT-HSC in spleen (FIG. 6N) and BM (FIG. 6O) of recipient micetransplanted with CML BM cells and then treated with scrRNA (n=9),inhibitor (n=7), scrRNA+NIL (n=8), or inhibitor+NIL (n=10) for 3 weeks(total 34 mice). FIG. 6P shows survival of another cohort of CML micetreated with scrRNA (n=9), inhibitor (n=8), scrRNA+NIL (n=8), orinhibitor+NIL (n=9) for 3 weeks (total 34 mice). The line with thelowest value at day 60 represents data for scrRNA treated mice, the linewith the second lowest value at day 60 represents data for Inhibitortreated mice, the line with the second highest value at day 60represents data for scrRNA+NIL treated mice and the line with thehighest value at day 60 represents data for Inhibitor+NIL treated mice.The log-rank test was used to assess significant differences betweensurvival curves. FIG. 6Q shows frequency of leukemia initiating cells(LICs) in BM cells from treated leukemic mice, as assessed by leukemiadevelopment rate in secondary recipient mice transplanted with 4×106,2×106, lx106, and 5×105 BM cells/mouse from the treated mice (n=6mice/dose/condition×4 doses×4 conditions=96 mice) by L-Calc software.Comparison between groups was performed by two-tailed, unpairedStudent's t-test. P values ≤0.05 were considered significant. Resultsshown represent mean±SEM. *p≤0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001.

FIGS. 7A-7K. The figure shows that BCR-ABL down-regulates miR-126expression in CML cells. FIG. 7A shows representative flow cytometryplots of the populations sorted from the BM of normal and CML miceincluding Lin-Sca-1-c-Kit-(L-S-K-), Lin-Sca-1-c-Kit+(L-S-K+),Lin-Sca-1+c-Kit+(LSK) and LSK Flt3-CD150+CD48− (LT-HSCs). FIG. 7B showsPIK3R2 and FIG. 7C shows SPRED1 expression in human normal and CML CD34+subpopulations as assessed by QPCR (n=8 independent samples), where thelegend from top to bottom represents each group of two data sets fromleft to right. FIG. 7D shows PIK3R2 (n=3) and FIG. 7E shows SPRED1 (n=4)levels in mouse normal LSK cells transduced with BCR-ABL retroviral orcontrol construct as assessed by QPCR (n=3 independent experiments).FIG. 7F shows PIK3R2 and FIG. 7G shows SPRED1 expression in human CMLLin-CD34+CD38− cells treated with NIL (n=3 biologically independentsamples) and FIG. 711 shows miR-126 expression in human normalLin-CD34+CD38−cells treated with NIL (n=3 biologically independentsamples). For FIG. 7G and FIG. 7H, the legends from top to bottomrepresent each group of three data sets from left to right. FIG. 7Ishows miR-126 staining in K562 cells treated with and without 5 μM NIL.The experiments were repeated 3 times with similar results. FIG. 7Jshows schematic model of BCR-ABL regulated miR-126 biogenesis throughSPRED1 and RAN/Exp-5/RCC1 complex in the absence (left panel) orpresence of NIL (right panel). FIG. 7K shows a heatmap of differentiallyexpressed miRNAs measured by miRNA-sequencing. Comparison between groupswas performed by two-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test. P values ≤0.05were considered significant. Results shown represent mean±SEM. *p≤0.05,**p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

FIGS. 8A-8L. The figure shows endothelial cells in the niche supplymiR-126 to CML LT-HSCs. FIG. 8A shows miR-126 levels in HUVECs (n=6independent experiments) and human CML CD34+ subpopulations (n=12biologically independent samples in each group) as assessed by QPCR.FIG. 8B and FIG. 8C shows miR-126 expression as assessed by QPCR (n=4)(FIG. 8B) and by miRNA staining in HUVECs transduced with miR-126 KD orcontrol lentiviruses (n=3 independent experiments) (FIG. 8C). FIG. 8Dand FIG. 8E show miR-126 expression as assessed by miRNA staining (n=3independent experiments with similar results) (FIG. 8D) and QPCR (n=4independent samples) (FIG. 8E) in CML Lin-CD34+CD38− cells co-culturedwith ctrl or KD HUVECs or none. FIGS. 8F-81I show accumulated resultswhere the legend from top to bottom represents each group of three datasets from left to right (FIG. 8F) and representative plots of cellcycling (n=3 independent samples), and representative plots (FIG. 8G)and accumulated results of apoptosis (n=4 independent samples) (FIG. 8H)in CML Lin-CD34+CD38− cells co-cultured with ctrl or KD HUVECs or nonefor 72 h. FIG. 8I shows the percentage of CD34+ cells from f-h wasassessed by flow cytometry at 96 h (n=4). FIGS. 8J-8L show human CD45+cells in PB at 6 weeks (n=8) (FIG. 8J) and in BM at 16 weeks (n=8) (FIG.8K), and Bcr-Abl expression in BM at 16 weeks (n=8) (FIG. 8L) assessedby QPCR (n=8), from NSG-SGM3 mice transplanted with CML CD34+ cellsafter co-culture with ctrl or KD HUVECs or none for 96 h. Comparisonbetween groups was performed by two-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test. Pvalues ≤0.05 were considered significant. Results shown representmean±SEM. *p≤0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

FIGS. 9A-9T. The figure shows endothelial cells in the nice supplymiR-126 to CML LT-HSCs. FIG. 9A shows that EVs isolated from control andmiR-126 KD HUVECs were visualized by electron microscopy. Theexperiments were repeated twice with similar results. FIG. 9B shows thesize and concentration of EVs isolated from the supernatants of bothcontrol (ctrl) and miR-126 KD HUVECs was analyzed by NanoSight usingnanoparticle tracking assays (n=3 independent experiments). FIG. 9Cshows expression of exosome-specific proteins (CD63, TSG101),EV-associated protein HSP90 and mitochondrial protein Cytochrome C inEVs isolated from ctrl or miR-126 KD HUVECs or in HUVEC supernatant(negative control), as assessed by western blot. The experiments wererepeated twice with similar results. Full-length gels and blots withmolecular weight standards were provided in Supplementary FIG. 10. FIG.9D shows expression of exosome-specific proteins on CD63+HUVEC-derivedEV fraction, purified with magnetic beads coated with anti-CD63antibody, as assessed by cytofluorimetric analyses using antibodies totetraspanins (CD63, CD9 and CD81) (n=3 independent experiments withsimilar results). FIG. 9E shows miR-126 levels, as assessed by QPCR, intotal EVs, CD63+ and CD63− HUVEC-derived EV fractions (n=3 independentexperiments). FIG. 9F shows miR-126 expression, as assessed by QPCR, inEVs harvested from human normal and CML Lin-CD34+CD38− HSCs as well asctrl and miR-126 KD HUVECs (n=3 independent experiments). FIG. 9G andFIG. 9I1 show miR-126 fluorescence signal in HUVECs (FIG. 9G) and inK562 cells co-cultured with the pre-stained HUVEC-derived EVs (FIG. 9H).These experiments were repeated twice with similar results. FIGS. 9I-9Mshow miR-126 levels as assessed by QPCR (n=3 independent samples) (FIG.9I), representative plots (FIG. 9J) and accumulated results (FIG. 9K) ofcell cycling (n=3), where the legend from top to bottom represents eachgroup of two data sets from left to right, and representative plots(FIG. 9L) and accumulated results (FIG. 9M) of apoptosis (n=3) in humanCML HSCs co-cultured with ctrl or KD HUVEC-derived EVs for 96 h. FIG. 9Nshows miR-126 levels, as assessed by QPCR (n=3 independent experiments),in miR-126 KO CML LT-HSCs from BCR-ABL-induced and pIpC-injectedSCLtTA/BCR-ABL/miR-126flox/flox/Mx1-cre+ mice co-cultured with ctrl ormiR-126 KD HUVEC-derived EVs or cultured alone for 48 h. FIGS. 9O-9Pshow human CD45+(FIG. 9O) and CD45+CD34+(FIG. 9P) cell engraftment in BMat 16 weeks from NSG-SGM3 mice transplanted with CML Lin-CD34+ cellsco-cultured with ctrl (n=9) or KD (n=8) HUVEC-derived EVs for 96 h.FIGS. 9Q-9T show miR-126 expression in donor CML LT-HSCs (n=3) (FIG.9Q), WBC countswhere the legend from top to bottom represents each groupof two data sets from left to right (FIG. 9R) and donor CML cellengraftment in PB, where the legend from top to bottom represents eachgroup of two data sets from left to right (FIG. 9S) and survival wherethe line with a higher value at day 60 represents data for cellscultured with KD HUVEC-derived EVs and the line with a lower valuerepresents data for cells cultured with ctrl (FIG. 9T) of the CD45.1recipient mice transplanted with CD45.2 CML LT-HSCs co-cultured withctrl (n=10) or KD (n=9) HUVEC-derived EVs for 96 h. Comparison betweengroups was performed by two-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test. P values≤0.05 were considered significant. Results shown represent mean±SEM.*p≤0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

FIGS. 10A-10K. The figure shows miR-126 knockdown enhanced TKI-mediatedtargeting of CML LSCs. FIGS. 10A-10F show miR-126 expression (FIG. 10A),cell cycling, where the legend from top to bottom represents each groupof two data sets from left to right (FIG. 10B), apoptosis (FIG. 10C),cell growth (FIG. 10D), CFC (FIG. 10E), and CFC replating efficiency(FIG. 10F) in human CML Lin-CD34+CD38− cells transduced with miR-126 KDor miR-126 OE or control lentiviruses, with or without NIL (5 μM) for 72h (n=4 independent experiments for all assays). FIGS. 10G-10K showmiR-126 expression (FIG. 10G), cell cycling, where the legend from topto bottom represents each group of two data sets from left to right(FIG. 10H), apoptosis (FIG. 10I), cell growth (FIG. 10J) and CFC (FIG.10K) (n=4 independent experiments for all) in mouse CML LT-HSCstransduced with miR-126 KD or miR-126 OE or control lentiviruses, withor without NIL (5 μM) for 72 h. Comparison between groups was performedby two-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test. P values ≤0.05 were consideredsignificant. Results shown represent mean±SEM. *p≤0.05, **p<0.01,***p<0.001.

FIGS. 11A-11S. The figure shows miR-126 knockdown enhances TKI-mediatedtargeting of CML LSCs. FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B show representative plotsof human CD45+ cell engraftment (FIG. 11A) and BCR-ABL expression byQPCR (n=7 independent samples) (FIG. 11B) in BM cells from NSG-SGM3 micetransplanted with human CML HSCs with or without miR-126 KD bylentiviruses transduction and treated with or without NIL (5 μM) for 4days. FIGS. 11C-11E show apoptosis (n=4 independent experiments) (FIG.11C), cell growth (n=4) (FIG. 11D) and CFC (n=4) (FIG. 11E) in human CMLHSCs co-cultured with ctrl or KD HUVECs or none, with or without NIL (5for 96 h. The legends from top to bottom represent each group of threedata sets from left to right. FIG. 11F and FIG. 11G show apoptosis (n=4independent experiments) (FIG. 11F) and cell growth (n=4) (FIG. 11G) inhuman CML HSCs co-cultured with ctrl or KD HUVEC-derived EVs or culturedalone, with or without NIL (5 for 96 h. The legends from top to bottomrepresent each group of three data sets from left to right. FIG. 11Hshows SPRED1, p-ERK, BCL-2 and (3-actin (loading control) proteins inhuman CML Lin-CD34+ cells with or without miR-126 KD and treated with orwithout NIL (2 as assessed by western blot. The experiments wererepeated twice using independent samples with similar results. FIGS.11I-11K show SPRED1 mRNA in NIL-treated cells at indicated times (n=4independent experiments) (FIG. 11I) and in miR-126 KD cells (n=4independent experiments) (FIG. 11J) from FIG. 11H, as assessed by QPCR.(FIG. 11K) SPRED1, p-ERK, BCL-2 and (3-actin in miR-126 KD cells fromFIG. 11H, as assessed by western blot. The experiments were repeatedtwice using independent samples with similar results. FIG. 11L and FIG.11M show SPRED1 mRNA by QPCR (n=4 independent experiments) (FIG. 11L)and SPRED1, p-ERK, BCL-2 and (3-actin expression by western blot (FIG.11M) in CML Lin-CD34+ cells with SPRED1 KD by siRNA transduction. Theexperiments were repeated twice using independent samples with similarresults. FIG. 11N and FIG. 11O show representative plots (FIG. 11N) andaccumulated results (n=4 independent samples) (FIG. 11O) of apoptosis inSPRED1 KD CML Lin-CD34+ cells treated with and without NIL (2 μM) for 48h. FIG. 11P and FIG. 11Q show p-ERK and (3-actin expression by westernblot (FIG. 11P) and apoptosis (n=4) (FIG. 11Q) in CML Lin-CD34+ cellstreated with NIL (2 or MEK inhibitor PD0325901 (500 nM) or combinationfor 72 h. The experiments were repeated twice using independent sampleswith similar results. FIG. 11R and FIG. 11S show BCL-2 by QPCR (FIG.11R) and apoptosis by flow cytometry(FIG. 11S) in CML Lin-CD34+ cellswith BCL-2 KD by siRNA transduction and treated with and without NIL (2μM) for 48 h (n=4 independent experiments for both). Full-length gelsand blots with molecular weight standards for FIGS. 11H, 11K, 11M, 11Pwere provided in FIG. 16. Comparison between groups was performed bytwo-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test. P values ≤0.05 were consideredsignificant. Results shown represent mean±SEM. *p≤0.05, **p<0.01,***p<0.001.

FIGS. 12A-12Q. The figure shows effective in vitro and in vivo uptakeand gene silencing effects of the CpG-miR-126 inhibitor. FIGS. 12A-12Cshow uptake of Cy3 as assessed by flow cytometry at 4 h (FIG. 12A) and24 h (FIG. 12B) and miR-126 expression as assessed by QPCR at 24 h (FIG.12C) in K562 cells after addition of CpG-miR-126 inhibitor-Cy3 (200 nM),Ab-NPs or TF-NPs containing miR-126 inhibitor-Cy3 (200 nM), or nakedmiR-126 inhibitor-Cy3 (200 nM, control) (n=3 independent experimentswith similar results). For FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B, the legends from topto bottom represent the curves from left to right. FIGS. 12D-12I showuptake of Cy3 in HUVECs (FIG. 12D), human normal (FIG. 12E) and CML(FIG. 12F) Lin-CD34+CD38−cells at 4 h and miR-126 expression in HUVECs(FIG. 12G), normal (FIG. 12H) and CML (FIG. 12I) Lin-CD34+CD38− cells at24 h post treatment with CpG-miR-126 inhibitor-Cy3 (500 nM) (n=4independent samples for all). For FIGS. 12D-12F, the legends from top tobottom represent the curves from left to right. FIG. 12J and FIG. 12Kshow cell cycling in normal (FIG. 12J) and CML (FIG. 12K) Lin-CD34+CD38−cells treated with CpG-miR-126 inhibitor (500 nM), as assessed by EdUand DAPI staining. The experiments were repeated twice usingbiologically independent samples with similar results. FIG. 12L and FIG.12M show uptake of Cy3 by flow cytometry at 4 h (FIG. 12L) and miR-126expression by QPCR at 24 h, where the legend from top to bottomrepresents each group of two data sets from left to right (FIG. 12M) inCIVIL BM mononuclear cells, LT-HSCs and ECs treated with CpG-miR-126inhibitor-Cy3 (500 nM) (n=4 biologically independent samples for all).FIG. 12N shows cell cycling by EdU and DAPI staining at 72 h afteraddition of CpG-miR-126 inhibitor (500 nM) in normal and CML BM LT-HSCs.The experiments were repeated twice using biologically independentsamples with similar results. FIG. 12O shows Cy3 uptake in BM, LT-HSCsand ECs, as assessed at 16 h by flow cytometry, from CML mice treatedwith one dose (5 mg/kg, iv injection) of CpG-miR-126 inhibitor-Cy3 (n=3independent samples). FIG. 12P and FIG. 12Q show miR-126 expression inBM, LT-HSCs and ECs, as assessed by QPCR, from normal (FIG. 12P) and CMLmice (FIG. 12Q) treated with CpG-miR-126 inhibitor (5 mg/kg/day, iv,daily) for 3 days (n=4 mice in each group), where the legend from top tobottom represents each group of two data sets from left to rightComparison between groups was performed by two-tailed, unpairedStudent's t-test. P values ≤0.05 were considered significant. Resultsshown represent mean±SEM. *p≤0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

FIGS. 13A-13N. The figure shows CpG-miR-126 inhibitor in combinationwith Nilotinib enhances in vivo targeting of CML LSCs. FIGS. 13A-13Fshow red blood cell (RBC) (FIG. 13A), WBC (FIG. 13B) and platelet (PLT)(FIG. 13C) counts in PB and mononuclear cell (FIG. 13D), LT-HSC (FIG.13E) and EC (FIG. 13F) counts in BM from WT B6 mice treated withCpG-scrRNA (scrRNA) or CpG-miR-126 inhibitor (inhibitor, 5 mg/kg/dayi.v. 4 times a week) for 3 weeks (n=8 mice for each group). FIGS.13G-13I show donor cell engraftment in PB every 4 weeks (FIG. 13G) andin BM and spleen at 16 weeks (FIG. 13H) and donor LT-HSC number in BM(FIG. 13I) from CD45.1 recipient mice transplanted with BM cells(3×10⁵/mouse, n=9 for each group) from treated CD45.2 B6 mice from FIGS.13A-13F. FIG. 13J shows reprehensive plots of human CD45+,CD45+CD34+CD38− and CD45+CD34+CD38−CD90+ cell engraftment in the BM ofthe NSG-SGM3 mice transplanted with human CP CML Lin-CD34+ cells (n=56)and then treated with scrRNA (5 mg/kg, i.v. 4 times a week), inhibitor(5 mg/kg i.v. 4 times a week), scrRNA+NIL (50 mg/kg, daily by oralgavage), or inhibitor+NIL for 3 weeks (n=14 for each group). FIGS.13K-13N show BCR-ABL levels in BM cells by QPCR (n=6 independentsamples) (FIG. 13K), miR-126 expression in BM ECs (n=4 independentsamples) (FIG. 13L) and in selected Sca-1+ and Sca-1-BM ECs (n=4independent samples), where the legend from top to bottom representseach group of two data sets from left to right (FIG. 13M) from a cohortof CML mice treated as above with scrRNA, inhibitor, scrRNA+NIL, orinhibitor+NIL respectively, for 3 weeks. FIG. 13N shows schematic modelof the role of miR-126 in modulating quiescence and self-renewal of CMLLSCs through a well-orchestrated interplay between the hematopoieticcompartment and the microenvironment in the BM niche. Comparison betweengroups was performed by two-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test. P values≤0.05 were considered significant. Results shown represent mean±SEM.*p≤0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

FIG. 14. The figure shows full-length gels and blots with molecularweight standards for FIGS. 3D, 3E, and 3G.

FIG. 15. The figure shows full-length gels and blots with molecularweight standards for FIGS. 3H, 3J, and 3N.

FIG. 16. The figure shows full-length gels and blots with molecularweight standards for FIGS. 3M and 3Q, FIG. 9C, and FIGS. 11H, 11K, 11M,and 11P.

FIG. 17. The figure shows gating strategy for flow cytometry analysis.All samples were FSC-A and SSC-A gated, followed by FSC-A/FSC-H gatingto select singlet cells. DAPI negative cells were then gated forsubsequent relevant gating, shown in the other figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Provided herein, inter alia, a compound including a phosphorothioatedCpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN), conjugated to an anti-microRNA(anti-miR) or to a microRNA (miRNA)-mimic nucleic acid sequence(miRNA-mimic) or a compound including an anti-microRNA (anti-miR)sequence, where the anti-miR sequence contains one or morephosphorothioate linkages and one or more chemically modifiednucleotides.

Definitions

“Disease” or “condition” refer to a state of being or health status of apatient or subject capable of being treated using the methods providedherein. In embodiments, the disease is a disease related to (e.g. causedby) miR126 or aberrant miR126 activity (e.g. anemia, leukemia, myeloiddisease). Examples of diseases, disorders, or conditions includehematological diseases such as red blood cell diseases (e.g., anemia).

The term “red blood cell disease” refers to a disease affecting a redblood cell. Non-limiting examples of red blood cell diseases includeanemia, sickle cell disease, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, hemolyticanemia, aplastic anemia, polycythemia, myelodysplastic syndrome,polycythemia vera, iron-deficiency anemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia,sphercytosis, hereditary spherocytosis, megaloblastic anemia,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, normocytic anemia,paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, hypochromic anemia, macrocyticanemia, pyruvate kinase deficiency, hereditary stomatocytosis,microcytosis, microcytic anemia, macrocytosis and hereditaryelliptocytosis.

In some instances, “disease” or “condition” refer to “hematologicaldisease” or “cancer.” A hematological disease refers to a diseaseaffecting a hematologic cell. In some instances, the hematologicaldisease is a non-cancerous (i.e. non-malignant) hematological disease.Non-cancerous hematological diseases as provided herein include anydisease, disorder or condition related to hematologic cells that is notcancer. Examples of non-cancerous hematological diseases, disorders, orconditions include, but are not limited to hemoglobinopathies includingsickle-cell disease, thalassemia, methemoglobinemia; anemias includingiron deficiency anemia, folate deficiency, hemolytic anemias,megaloblastic anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, pernicious anemia, immunemediated hemolytic anemia, drug-induced immune mediated hemolytic anemia(e.g. due to high dose of penicillin, methyldopa), hemoglobinopathies,paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and microangiopathic hemolyticanemia; disease characterized by decreased numbers of blood cells (e.g.erythrocytes, lymphocytes, myeloid cells) including myelodysplasticsyndrome, myelofibrosis, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, Glanzmann'sthrombasthenia, thrombocytopenia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura,thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and heparin-inducedthrombocytopenia; myeloproliferative disorders including polycythemiavera, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, and thrombocytosis; coagulopathiesincluding thrombocytosis, recurrent thrombosis, disseminatedintravascular coagulation, hemophilia, Von Willebrand disease,disseminated intravascular coagulation, protein S deficiency, andantiphospholipid syndrome.

As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to all types of cancer,neoplasm or malignant tumors found in mammals, including leukemias,lymphomas, melanomas, neuroendocrine tumors, carcinomas and sarcomas.Exemplary cancers that may be treated with a compound, pharmaceuticalcomposition, or method provided herein include lymphoma, sarcoma,bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain tumor, cervical cancer, colon cancer,esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer,myeloma, thyroid cancer, leukemia, prostate cancer, breast cancer (e.g.triple negative, ER positive, ER negative, chemotherapy resistant,herceptin resistant, HER2 positive, doxorubicin resistant, tamoxifenresistant, ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, primary, metastatic),ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer (e.g., hepatocellularcarcinoma), lung cancer (e.g. non-small cell lung carcinoma, squamouscell lung carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell lung carcinoma, smallcell lung carcinoma, carcinoid, sarcoma), glioblastoma multiforme,glioma, melanoma, prostate cancer, castration-resistant prostate cancer,breast cancer, triple negative breast cancer, glioblastoma, ovariancancer, lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma (e.g., head, neck, oresophagus), colorectal cancer, leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia,lymphoma, B cell lymphoma, or multiple myeloma. Additional examplesinclude, cancer of the thyroid, endocrine system, brain, breast, cervix,colon, head & neck, esophagus, liver, kidney, lung, non-small cell lung,melanoma, mesothelioma, ovary, sarcoma, stomach, uterus orMedulloblastoma, Hodgkin's Disease, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, multiplemyeloma, neuroblastoma, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, ovarian cancer,rhabdomyosarcoma, primary thrombocytosis, primary macroglobulinemia,primary brain tumors, cancer, malignant pancreatic insulanoma, malignantcarcinoid, urinary bladder cancer, premalignant skin lesions, testicularcancer, lymphomas, thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, esophageal cancer,genitourinary tract cancer, malignant hypercalcemia, endometrial cancer,adrenal cortical cancer, neoplasms of the endocrine or exocrinepancreas, medullary thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma,melanoma, colorectal cancer, papillary thyroid cancer, hepatocellularcarcinoma, Paget's Disease of the Nipple, Phyllodes Tumors, LobularCarcinoma, Ductal Carcinoma, cancer of the pancreatic stellate cells,cancer of the hepatic stellate cells, or prostate cancer.

The term “leukemia” refers broadly to progressive, malignant diseases ofthe blood-forming organs and is generally characterized by a distortedproliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in theblood and bone marrow. Leukemia is generally clinically classified onthe basis of (1) the duration and character of the disease-acute orchronic; (2) the type of cell involved; myeloid (myelogenous), lymphoid(lymphogenous), or monocytic; and (3) the increase or non-increase inthe number abnormal cells in the blood-leukemic or aleukemic(subleukemic). Exemplary leukemias that may be treated with a compound,pharmaceutical composition, or method provided herein include, forexample, acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia,acute granulocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia, acutepromyelocytic leukemia, adult T-cell leukemia, aleukemic leukemia,aleukocythemic leukemia, basophylic leukemia, blast cell leukemia,bovine leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, leukemia cutis, embryonalleukemia, eosinophilic leukemia, Gross' leukemia, hairy-cell leukemia,hemoblastic leukemia, hemocytoblastic leukemia, histiocytic leukemia,stem cell leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, leukopenic leukemia,lymphatic leukemia, lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia,lymphogenous leukemia, lymphoid leukemia, lymphosarcoma cell leukemia,mast cell leukemia, megakaryocytic leukemia, micromyeloblastic leukemia,monocytic leukemia, myeloblastic leukemia, myelocytic leukemia, myeloidgranulocytic leukemia, myelomonocytic leukemia, Naegeli leukemia, plasmacell leukemia, multiple myeloma, plasmacytic leukemia, promyelocyticleukemia, Rieder cell leukemia, Schilling's leukemia, stem cellleukemia, subleukemic leukemia, or undifferentiated cell leukemia.

The terms “treating”, or “treatment” refers to any indicia of success inthe therapy or amelioration of an injury, disease, pathology orcondition, including any objective or subjective parameter such asabatement; remission; diminishing of symptoms or making the injury,pathology or condition more tolerable to the patient; slowing in therate of degeneration or decline; making the final point of degenerationless debilitating; improving a patient's physical or mental well-being.The treatment or amelioration of symptoms can be based on objective orsubjective parameters; including the results of a physical examination,neuropsychiatric exams, and/or a psychiatric evaluation. The term“treating” and conjugations thereof may include prevention of an injury,pathology, condition, or disease. In embodiments, treating ispreventing. In embodiments, treating does not include preventing.

“Treating” or “treatment” as used herein (and as well-understood in theart) also broadly includes any approach for obtaining beneficial ordesired results in a subject's condition, including clinical results.Beneficial or desired clinical results can include, but are not limitedto, alleviation or amelioration of one or more symptoms or conditions,diminishment of the extent of a disease, stabilizing (i.e., notworsening) the state of disease, prevention of a disease's transmissionor spread, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration orpalliation of the disease state, diminishment of the reoccurrence ofdisease, and remission, whether partial or total and whether detectableor undetectable. In other words, “treatment” as used herein includes anycure, amelioration, or prevention of a disease. Treatment may preventthe disease from occurring; inhibit the disease's spread; relieve thedisease's symptoms (e.g., ocular pain, seeing halos around lights, redeye, very high intraocular pressure), fully or partially remove thedisease's underlying cause, shorten a disease's duration, or do acombination of these things.

“Treating” and “treatment” as used herein include prophylactictreatment. Treatment methods include administering to a subject atherapeutically effective amount of an active agent. The administeringstep may consist of a single administration or may include a series ofadministrations. The length of the treatment period depends on a varietyof factors, such as the severity of the condition, the age of thepatient, the concentration of active agent, the activity of thecompositions used in the treatment, or a combination thereof. It willalso be appreciated that the effective dosage of an agent used for thetreatment or prophylaxis may increase or decrease over the course of aparticular treatment or prophylaxis regime. Changes in dosage may resultand become apparent by standard diagnostic assays known in the art. Insome instances, chronic administration may be required. For example, thecompositions are administered to the subject in an amount and for aduration sufficient to treat the patient. In embodiments, the treatingor treatment is no prophylactic treatment.

The term “prevent” refers to a decrease in the occurrence of diseasesymptoms in a patient. As indicated above, the prevention may becomplete (no detectable symptoms) or partial, such that fewer symptomsare observed than would likely occur absent treatment.

“Patient” or “subject in need thereof” refers to a living organismsuffering from or prone to a disease or condition that can be treated byadministration of a pharmaceutical composition as provided herein.Non-limiting examples include humans, other mammals, bovines, rats,mice, dogs, monkeys, goat, sheep, cows, deer, and other non-mammaliananimals. In some embodiments, a patient is human.

A “effective amount” is an amount sufficient for a compound toaccomplish a stated purpose relative to the absence of the compound(e.g. achieve the effect for which it is administered, treat a disease,reduce enzyme activity, increase enzyme activity, reduce a signalingpathway, or reduce one or more symptoms of a disease or condition). Anexample of an “effective amount” is an amount sufficient to contributeto the treatment, prevention, or reduction of a symptom or symptoms of adisease, which could also be referred to as a “therapeutically effectiveamount.” A “reduction” of a symptom or symptoms (and grammaticalequivalents of this phrase) means decreasing of the severity orfrequency of the symptom(s), or elimination of the symptom(s). A“prophylactically effective amount” of a drug is an amount of a drugthat, when administered to a subject, will have the intendedprophylactic effect, e.g., preventing or delaying the onset (orreoccurrence) of an injury, disease, pathology or condition, or reducingthe likelihood of the onset (or reoccurrence) of an injury, disease,pathology, or condition, or their symptoms. The full prophylactic effectdoes not necessarily occur by administration of one dose, and may occuronly after administration of a series of doses. Thus, a prophylacticallyeffective amount may be administered in one or more administrations. An“activity decreasing amount,” as used herein, refers to an amount ofantagonist required to decrease the activity of an enzyme relative tothe absence of the antagonist. A “function disrupting amount,” as usedherein, refers to the amount of antagonist required to disrupt thefunction of an enzyme or protein relative to the absence of theantagonist. The exact amounts will depend on the purpose of thetreatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art usingknown techniques (see, e.g., Lieberman, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms(vols. 1-3, 1992); Lloyd, The Art, Science and Technology ofPharmaceutical Compounding (1999); Pickar, Dosage Calculations (1999);and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition, 2003,Gennaro, Ed., Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins).

For any compound described herein, the therapeutically effective amountcan be initially determined from cell culture assays. Targetconcentrations will be those concentrations of active compound(s) thatare capable of achieving the methods described herein, as measured usingthe methods described herein or known in the art.

As is well known in the art, therapeutically effective amounts for usein humans can also be determined from animal models. For example, a dosefor humans can be formulated to achieve a concentration that has beenfound to be effective in animals. The dosage in humans can be adjustedby monitoring compounds effectiveness and adjusting the dosage upwardsor downwards, as described above. Adjusting the dose to achieve maximalefficacy in humans based on the methods described above and othermethods is well within the capabilities of the ordinarily skilledartisan.

The term “therapeutically effective amount,” as used herein, refers tothat amount of the therapeutic agent sufficient to ameliorate thedisorder, as described above. For example, for the given parameter, atherapeutically effective amount will show an increase or decrease of atleast 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 90%, or at least100%. Therapeutic efficacy can also be expressed as “-fold” increase ordecrease. For example, a therapeutically effective amount can have atleast a 1.2-fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 5-fold, or more effect over acontrol.

Dosages may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient andthe compound being employed. The dose administered to a patient, in thecontext of the present disclosure, should be sufficient to effect abeneficial therapeutic response in the patient over time. The size ofthe dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent ofany adverse side-effects. Determination of the proper dosage for aparticular situation is within the skill of the practitioner. Generally,treatment is initiated with smaller dosages, which are less than theoptimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased bysmall increments until the optimum effect under circumstances isreached. Dosage amounts and intervals can be adjusted individually toprovide levels of the administered compound effective for the particularclinical indication being treated. This will provide a therapeuticregimen that is commensurate with the severity of the individual'sdisease state.

As used herein, the term “administering” means oral administration,administration as a suppository, topical contact, intravenous,parenteral, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intralesional, intrathecal,intranasal or subcutaneous administration, or the implantation of aslow-release device, e.g., a mini-osmotic pump, to a subject.Administration is by any route, including parenteral and transmucosal(e.g., buccal, sublingual, palatal, gingival, nasal, vaginal, rectal, ortransdermal). Parenteral administration includes, e.g., intravenous,intramuscular, intra-arteriole, intradermal, subcutaneous,intraperitoneal, intraventricular, and intracranial. Other modes ofdelivery include, but are not limited to, the use of liposomalformulations, intravenous infusion, transdermal patches, etc. Inembodiments, the administering does not include administration of anyactive agent other than the recited active agent.

By “Co-administer” it is meant that a composition described herein isadministered at the same time, just prior to, or just after theadministration of one or more additional therapies. The compoundsprovided herein can be administered alone or can be coadministered tothe patient. Coadministration is meant to include simultaneous orsequential administration of the compounds individually or incombination (more than one compound). Thus, the preparations can also becombined, when desired, with other active substances (e.g. to reducemetabolic degradation). The compositions of the present disclosure canbe delivered transdermally, by a topical route, or formulated asapplicator sticks, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, gels, creams,ointments, pastes, jellies, paints, powders, and aerosols.

The terms “Control” or “control experiment” are used in accordance withits plain ordinary meaning and refers to an experiment in which thesubjects or reagents of the experiment are treated as in a parallelexperiment except for omission of a procedure, reagent, or variable ofthe experiment. In some instances, the control is used as a standard ofcomparison in evaluating experimental effects. In some embodiments, acontrol is the measurement of the activity of a protein in the absenceof a compound as described herein (including embodiments and examples).

A “multi-kinase inhibitor” is a small molecule inhibitor of at least oneprotein kinase, including tyrosine protein kinases and serine/threoninekinases. A multi-kinase inhibitor may include a single kinase inhibitor.Multi-kinase inhibitors may block phosphorylation. Multi-kinasesinhibitors may act as covalent modifiers of protein kinases.Multi-kinase inhibitors may bind to the kinase active site or to asecondary or tertiary site inhibiting protein kinase activity. Amulti-kinase inhibitor may be an anti-cancer multi-kinase inhibitor.Exemplary anti-cancer multi-kinase inhibitors include dasatinib,sunitinib, erlotinib, bevacizumab, vatalanib, vemurafenib, vandetanib,cabozantinib, poatinib, axitinib, ruxolitinib, regorafenib, crizotinib,bosutinib, cetuximab, gefitinib, imatinib, lapatinib, lenvatinib,mubritinib, nilotinib, panitumumab, pazopanib, trastuzumab, orsorafenib.

“Anti-cancer agent” is used in accordance with its plain ordinarymeaning and refers to a composition (e.g. compound, drug, antagonist,inhibitor, modulator) having antineoplastic properties or the ability toinhibit the growth or proliferation of cells. Examplary anti-canceragents include antibodies, small molecules, large molecules, andcombinations thereof. In embodiments, an anti-cancer agent is achemotherapeutic. In some embodiments, an anti-cancer agent is an agentidentified herein having utility in methods of treating cancer. In someembodiments, an anti-cancer agent is an agent approved by the FDA orsimilar regulatory agency of a country other than the USA, for treatingcancer. Examples of anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to,MEK (e.g. MEK1, MEK2, or MEK1 and MEK2) inhibitors (e.g. XL518, CI-1040,PD035901, selumetinib/AZD6244, GSK1120212/trametinib, GDC-0973,ARRY-162, ARRY-300, AZD8330, PD0325901, U0126, PD98059, TAK-733,PD318088, AS703026, BAY 869766), alkylating agents (e.g.,cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, chlorambucil, busulfan, melphalan,mechlorethamine, uramustine, thiotepa, nitrosoureas, nitrogen mustards(e.g., mechloroethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, meiphalan),ethylenimine and methylmelamines (e.g., hexamethlymelamine, thiotepa),alkyl sulfonates (e.g., busulfan), nitrosoureas (e.g., carmustine,lomusitne, semustine, streptozocin), triazenes (decarbazine)),anti-metabolites (e.g., 5-azathioprine, leucovorin, capecitabine,fludarabine, gemcitabine, pemetrexed, raltitrexed, folic acid analog(e.g., methotrexate), or pyrimidine analogs (e.g., fluorouracil,floxouridine, Cytarabine), purine analogs (e.g., mercaptopurine,thioguanine, pentostatin), etc.), plant alkaloids (e.g., vincristine,vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine, podophyllotoxin, paclitaxel,docetaxel, etc.), topoisomerase inhibitors (e.g., irinotecan, topotecan,amsacrine, etoposide (VP16), etoposide phosphate, teniposide, etc.),antitumor antibiotics (e.g., doxorubicin, adriamycin, daunorubicin,epirubicin, actinomycin, bleomycin, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, plicamycin,etc.), platinum-based compounds or platinum containing agents (e.g.cisplatin, oxaloplatin, carboplatin), anthracenedione (e.g.,mitoxantrone), substituted urea (e.g., hydroxyurea), methyl hydrazinederivative (e.g., procarbazine), adrenocortical suppressant (e.g.,mitotane, aminoglutethimide), epipodophyllotoxins (e.g., etoposide),antibiotics (e.g., daunorubicin, doxorubicin, bleomycin), enzymes (e.g.,L-asparaginase), inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinasesignaling (e.g. U0126, PD98059, PD184352, PD0325901, ARRY-142886,SB239063, SP600125, BAY 43-9006, wortmannin, or LY294002, Sykinhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, antibodies (e.g., rituxan), gossyphol,genasense, polyphenol E, Chlorofusin, all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA),bryostatin, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand(TRAIL), 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, all trans retinoic acid, doxorubicin,vincristine, etoposide, gemcitabine, imatinib (Gleevec®), geldanamycin,17-N-Allylamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), flavopiridol,LY294002, bortezomib, trastuzumab, BAY 11-7082, PKC412, PD184352,20-epi-1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3; 5-ethynyluracil; abiraterone;aclarubicin; acylfulvene; adecypenol; adozelesin; aldesleukin; ALL-TKantagonists; altretamine; ambamustine; amidox; amifostine;aminolevulinic acid; amrubicin; amsacrine; anagrelide; anastrozole;andrographolide; angiogenesis inhibitors; antagonist D; antagonist G;antarelix; anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein-1; antiandrogen,prostatic carcinoma; antiestrogen; antineoplaston; antisenseoligonucleotides; aphidicolin glycinate; apoptosis gene modulators;apoptosis regulators; apurinic acid; ara-CDP-DL-PTBA; argininedeaminase; asulacrine; atamestane; atrimustine; axinastatin 1;axinastatin 2; axinastatin 3; azasetron; azatoxin; azatyrosine; baccatinIII derivatives; balanol; batimastat; BCR/ABL antagonists;benzochlorins; benzoylstaurosporine; beta lactam derivatives;beta-alethine; betaclamycin B; betulinic acid; bFGF inhibitor;bicalutamide; bisantrene; bisaziridinylspermine; bisnafide; bistrateneA; bizelesin; breflate; bropirimine; budotitane; buthionine sulfoximine;calcipotriol; calphostin C; camptothecin derivatives; canarypox IL-2;capecitabine; carboxamide-amino-triazole; carboxyamidotriazole; CaRestM3; CARN 700; cartilage derived inhibitor; carzelesin; casein kinaseinhibitors (ICOS); castanospermine; cecropin B; cetrorelix; chlorins;chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide; cicaprost; cis-porphyrin; cladribine;clomifene analogues; clotrimazole; collismycin A; collismycin B;combretastatin A4; combretastatin analogue; conagenin; crambescidin 816;crisnatol; cryptophycin 8; cryptophycin A derivatives; curacin A;cyclopentanthraquinones; cycloplatam; cypemycin; cytarabine ocfosfate;cytolytic factor; cytostatin; dacliximab; decitabine; dehydrodidemnin B;deslorelin; dexamethasone; dexifosfamide; dexrazoxane; dexverapamil;diaziquone; didemnin B; didox; diethylnorspermine;dihydro-5-azacytidine; 9-dioxamycin; diphenyl spiromustine; docosanol;dolasetron; doxifluridine; droloxifene; dronabinol; duocarmycin SA;ebselen; ecomustine; edelfosine; edrecolomab; eflornithine; elemene;emitefur; epirubicin; epristeride; estramustine analogue; estrogenagonists; estrogen antagonists; etanidazole; etoposide phosphate;exemestane; fadrozole; fazarabine; fenretinide; filgrastim; finasteride;flavopiridol; flezelastine; fluasterone; fludarabine; fluorodaunorunicinhydrochloride; forfenimex; formestane; fostriecin; fotemustine;gadolinium texaphyrin; gallium nitrate; galocitabine; ganirelix;gelatinase inhibitors; gemcitabine; glutathione inhibitors; hepsulfam;heregulin; hexamethylene bisacetamide; hypericin; ibandronic acid;idarubicin; idoxifene; idramantone; ilmofosine; ilomastat;imidazoacridones; imiquimod; immunostimulant peptides; insulin-likegrowth factor-1 receptor inhibitor; interferon agonists; interferons;interleukins; iobenguane; iododoxorubicin; ipomeanol, 4-; iroplact;irsogladine; isobengazole; isohomohalicondrin B; itasetron;jasplakinolide; kahalalide F; lamellarin-N triacetate; lanreotide;leinamycin; lenograstim; lentinan sulfate; leptolstatin; letrozole;leukemia inhibiting factor; leukocyte alpha interferon;leuprolide+estrogen+progesterone; leuprorelin; levamisole; liarozole;linear polyamine analogue; lipophilic disaccharide peptide; lipophilicplatinum compounds; lissoclinamide 7; lobaplatin; lombricine;lometrexol; lonidamine; losoxantrone; lovastatin; loxoribine;lurtotecan; lutetium texaphyrin; lysofylline; lytic peptides;maitansine; mannostatin A; marimastat; masoprocol; maspin; matrilysininhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; menogaril; merbarone;meterelin; methioninase; metoclopramide; MIF inhibitor; mifepristone;miltefosine; mirimostim; mismatched double stranded RNA; mitoguazone;mitolactol; mitomycin analogues; mitonafide; mitotoxin fibroblast growthfactor-saporin; mitoxantrone; mofarotene; molgramostim; monoclonalantibody, human chorionic gonadotrophin; monophosphoryl lipidA+myobacterium cell wall sk; mopidamol; multiple drug resistance geneinhibitor; multiple tumor suppressor 1-based therapy; mustard anticanceragent; mycaperoxide B; mycobacterial cell wall extract; myriaporone;N-acetyldinaline; N-substituted benzamides; nafarelin; nagrestip;naloxone+pentazocine; napavin; naphterpin; nartograstim; nedaplatin;nemorubicin; neridronic acid; neutral endopeptidase; nilutamide;nisamycin; nitric oxide modulators; nitroxide antioxidant; nitrullyn;O6-benzylguanine; octreotide; okicenone; oligonucleotides; onapristone;ondansetron; ondansetron; oracin; oral cytokine inducer; ormaplatin;osaterone; oxaliplatin; oxaunomycin; palauamine; palmitoylrhizoxin;pamidronic acid; panaxytriol; panomifene; parabactin; pazelliptine;pegaspargase; peldesine; pentosan polysulfate sodium; pentostatin;pentrozole; perflubron; perfosfamide; perillyl alcohol; phenazinomycin;phenylacetate; phosphatase inhibitors; picibanil; pilocarpinehydrochloride; pirarubicin; piritrexim; placetin A; placetin B;plasminogen activator inhibitor; platinum complex; platinum compounds;platinum-triamine complex; porfimer sodium; porfiromycin; prednisone;propyl bis-acridone; prostaglandin J2; proteasome inhibitors; proteinA-based immune modulator; protein kinase C inhibitor; protein kinase Cinhibitors, microalgal; protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors; purinenucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors; purpurins; pyrazoloacridine;pyridoxylated hemoglobin polyoxyethylerie conjugate; raf antagonists;raltitrexed; ramosetron; ras farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors;ras inhibitors; ras-GAP inhibitor; retelliptine demethylated; rhenium Re186 etidronate; rhizoxin; ribozymes; RH retinamide; rogletimide;rohitukine; romurtide; roquinimex; rubiginone B 1; ruboxyl; safingol;saintopin; SarCNU; sarcophytol A; sargramostim; Sdi 1 mimetics;semustine; senescence derived inhibitor 1; sense oligonucleotides;signal transduction inhibitors; signal transduction modulators; singlechain antigen-binding protein; sizofuran; sobuzoxane; sodiumborocaptate; sodium phenylacetate; solverol; somatomedin bindingprotein; sonermin; sparfosic acid; spicamycin D; spiromustine;splenopentin; spongistatin 1; squalamine; stem cell inhibitor; stem-celldivision inhibitors; stipiamide; stromelysin inhibitors; sulfinosine;superactive vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist; suradista;suramin; swainsonine; synthetic glycosaminoglycans; tallimustine;tamoxifen methiodide; tauromustine; tazarotene; tecogalan sodium;tegafur; tellurapyrylium; telomerase inhibitors; temoporfin;temozolomide; teniposide; tetrachlorodecaoxide; tetrazomine;thaliblastine; thiocoraline; thrombopoietin; thrombopoietin mimetic;thymalfasin; thymopoietin receptor agonist; thymotrinan; thyroidstimulating hormone; tin ethyl etiopurpurin; tirapazamine; titanocenebichloride; topsentin; toremifene; totipotent stem cell factor;translation inhibitors; tretinoin; triacetyluridine; triciribine;trimetrexate; triptorelin; tropisetron; turosteride; tyrosine kinaseinhibitors; tyrphostins; UBC inhibitors; ubenimex; urogenitalsinus-derived growth inhibitory factor; urokinase receptor antagonists;vapreotide; variolin B; vector system, erythrocyte gene therapy;velaresol; veramine; verdins; verteporfin; vinorelbine; vinxaltine;vitaxin; vorozole; zanoterone; zeniplatin; zilascorb; zinostatinstimalamer, Adriamycin, Dactinomycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Cisplatin,acivicin; aclarubicin; acodazole hydrochloride; acronine; adozelesin;aldesleukin; altretamine; ambomycin; ametantrone acetate;aminoglutethimide; amsacrine; anastrozole; anthramycin; asparaginase;asperlin; azacitidine; azetepa; azotomycin; batimastat; benzodepa;bicalutamide; bisantrene hydrochloride; bisnafide dimesylate; bizelesin;bleomycin sulfate; brequinar sodium; bropirimine; busulfan;cactinomycin; calusterone; caracemide; carbetimer; carboplatin;carmustine; carubicin hydrochloride; carzelesin; cedefingol;chlorambucil; cirolemycin; cladribine; crisnatol mesylate;cyclophosphamide; cytarabine; dacarbazine; daunorubicin hydrochloride;decitabine; dexormaplatin; dezaguanine; dezaguanine mesylate;diaziquone; doxorubicin; doxorubicin hydrochloride; droloxifene;droloxifene citrate; dromostanolone propionate; duazomycin; edatrexate;eflornithine hydrochloride; elsamitrucin; enloplatin; enpromate;epipropidine; epirubicin hydrochloride; erbulozole; esorubicinhydrochloride; estramustine; estramustine phosphate sodium; etanidazole;etoposide; etoposide phosphate; etoprine; fadrozole hydrochloride;fazarabine; fenretinide; floxuridine; fludarabine phosphate;fluorouracil; fluorocitabine; fosquidone; fostriecin sodium;gemcitabine; gemcitabine hydrochloride; hydroxyurea; idarubicinhydrochloride; ifosfamide; iimofosine; interleukin I1 (includingrecombinant interleukin II, or r1L₂), interferon alfa-2a; interferonalfa-2b; interferon alfa-nl; interferon alfa-n3; interferon beta-1a;interferon gamma-1b; iproplatin; irinotecan hydrochloride; lanreotideacetate; letrozole; leuprolide acetate; liarozole hydrochloride;lometrexol sodium; lomustine; losoxantrone hydrochloride; masoprocol;maytansine; mechlorethamine hydrochloride; megestrol acetate;melengestrol acetate; melphalan; menogaril; mercaptopurine;methotrexate; methotrexate sodium; metoprine; meturedepa; mitindomide;mitocarcin; mitocromin; mitogillin; mitomalcin; mitomycin; mitosper;mitotane; mitoxantrone hydrochloride; mycophenolic acid; nocodazoie;nogalamycin; ormaplatin; oxisuran; pegaspargase; peliomycin;pentamustine; peplomycin sulfate; perfosfamide; pipobroman; piposulfan;piroxantrone hydrochloride; plicamycin; plomestane; porfimer sodium;porfiromycin; prednimustine; procarbazine hydrochloride; puromycin;puromycin hydrochloride; pyrazofurin; riboprine; rogletimide; safingol;safingol hydrochloride; semustine; simtrazene; sparfosate sodium;sparsomycin; spirogermanium hydrochloride; spiromustine; spiroplatin;streptonigrin; streptozocin; sulofenur; talisomycin; tecogalan sodium;tegafur; teloxantrone hydrochloride; temoporfin; teniposide; teroxirone;testolactone; thiamiprine; thioguanine; thiotepa; tiazofurin;tirapazamine; toremifene citrate; trestolone acetate; triciribinephosphate; trimetrexate; trimetrexate glucuronate; triptorelin;tubulozole hydrochloride; uracil mustard; uredepa; vapreotide;verteporfin; vinblastine sulfate; vincristine sulfate; vindesine;vindesine sulfate; vinepidine sulfate; vinglycinate sulfate;vinleurosine sulfate; vinorelbine tartrate; vinrosidine sulfate;vinzolidine sulfate; vorozole; zeniplatin; zinostatin; zorubicinhydrochloride, agents that arrest cells in the G2-M phases and/ormodulate the formation or stability of microtubules, (e.g. Taxol™ (i.e.paclitaxel), Taxotere™, compounds comprising the taxane skeleton,Erbulozole (i.e. R-55104), Dolastatin 10 (i.e. DLS-10 and NSC-376128),Mivobulin isethionate (i.e. as CI-980), Vincristine, NSC-639829,Discodermolide (i.e. as NVP-XX-A-296), ABT-751 (Abbott, i.e. E-7010),Altorhyrtins (e.g. Altorhyrtin A and Altorhyrtin C), Spongistatins (e.g.Spongistatin 1, Spongistatin 2, Spongistatin 3, Spongistatin 4,Spongistatin 5, Spongistatin 6, Spongistatin 7, Spongistatin 8, andSpongistatin 9), Cemadotin hydrochloride (i.e. LU-103793 andNSC-D-669356), Epothilones (e.g. Epothilone A, Epothilone B, EpothiloneC (i.e. desoxyepothilone A or dEpoA), Epothilone D (i.e. KOS-862, dEpoB,and desoxyepothilone B), Epothilone E, Epothilone F, Epothilone BN-oxide, Epothilone A N-oxide, 16-aza-epothilone B, 21-aminoepothilone B(i.e. BMS-310705), 21-hydroxyepothilone D (i.e. Desoxyepothilone F anddEpoF), 26-fluoroepothilone, Auristatin PE (i.e. NSC-654663), Soblidotin(i.e. TZT-1027), Vincristine sulfate, Cryptophycin 52 (i.e. LY-355703),Vitilevuamide, Tubulysin A, Canadensol, Centaureidin (i.e. NSC-106969),Oncocidin A1 (i.e. BTO-956 and DIME), Fijianolide B, Laulimalide,Narcosine (also known as NSC-5366), Nascapine, Hemiasterlin, Vanadoceneacetylacetonate, Monsatrol, lnanocine (i.e. NSC-698666), Eleutherobins(such as Desmethyleleutherobin, Desaetyleleutherobin, lsoeleutherobin A,and Z-Eleutherobin), Caribaeoside, Caribaeolin, Halichondrin B,Diazonamide A, Taccalonolide A, Diozostatin, (−)-Phenylahistin (i.e.NSCL-96F037), Myoseverin B, Resverastatin phosphate sodium, steroids(e.g., dexamethasone), finasteride, aromatase inhibitors,gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH) such as goserelin orleuprolide, adrenocorticosteroids (e.g., prednisone), progestins (e.g.,hydroxyprogesterone caproate, megestrol acetate, medroxyprogesteroneacetate), estrogens (e.g., diethlystilbestrol, ethinyl estradiol),antiestrogen (e.g., tamoxifen), androgens (e.g., testosteronepropionate, fluoxymesterone), antiandrogen (e.g., flutamide),immunostimulants (e.g., Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), levamisole,interleukin-2, alpha-interferon, etc.), monoclonal antibodies (e.g.,anti-CD20, anti-HER2, anti-CD52, anti-HLA-DR, and anti-VEGF monoclonalantibodies), immunotoxins (e.g., anti-CD33 monoclonalantibody-calicheamicin conjugate, anti-CD22 monoclonalantibody-pseudomonas exotoxin conjugate, etc.), radioimmunotherapy(e.g., anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody conjugated to ¹¹¹In, ⁹⁰Y, or¹³¹I,etc.), triptolide, homoharringtonine, dactinomycin, doxorubicin,epirubicin, topotecan, itraconazole, vindesine, cerivastatin,vincristine, deoxyadenosine, sertraline, pitavastatin, irinotecan,clofazimine, 5-nonyloxytryptamine, vemurafenib, dabrafenib, erlotinib,gefitinib, EGFR inhibitors, epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)-targeted therapy or therapeutic (e.g. gefitinib (Iressa™),erlotinib (Tarceva™), cetuximab (Erbitux™), lapatinib (Tykerb™),panitumumab (Vectibix™), vandetanib (Caprelsa™) afatinib/BIBW2992,CI-1033/canertinib, neratinib/HKI-272, CP-724714, TAK-285, AST-1306,ARRY334543, ARRY-380, AG-1478, dacomitinib/PF299804, OSI-420/desmethylerlotinib, AZD8931, AEE788, pelitinib/EKB-569, CUDC-101, WZ8040, WZ4002,WZ3146, AG-490, XL647, PD153035, BMS-599626), sorafenib, imatinib,sunitinib, dasatinib, hormonal therapies, or the like.

Cancer model organism, as used herein, is an organism exhibiting aphenotype indicative of cancer, or the activity of cancer causingelements, within the organism. The term cancer is defined above. A widevariety of organisms may serve as cancer model organisms, and includefor example, cancer cells and mammalian organisms such as rodents (e.g.mouse or rat) and primates (such as humans). Cancer cell lines arewidely understood by those skilled in the art as cells exhibitingphenotypes or genotypes similar to in vivo cancers. Cancer cell lines asused herein includes cell lines from animals (e.g. mice) and fromhumans.

“Selective” or “selectivity” or the like of a compound refers to thecompound's ability to discriminate between molecular targets.

“Specific”, “specifically”, “specificity”, or the like of a compoundrefers to the compound's ability to cause a particular action, such asinhibition, to a particular molecular target with minimal or no actionto other proteins in the cell.

The terms “polypeptide,” “peptide” and “protein” are usedinterchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues,wherein the polymer may In embodiments be conjugated to a moiety thatdoes not consist of amino acids. The terms apply to amino acid polymersin which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemicalmimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as tonaturally occurring amino acid polymers and non-naturally occurringamino acid polymers. A “fusion protein” refers to a chimeric proteinencoding two or more separate protein sequences that are recombinantlyexpressed as a single moiety.

A polynucleotide is typically composed of a specific sequence of fournucleotide bases: adenine (A); cytosine (C); guanine (G); and thymine(T) (uracil (U) for thymine (T) when the polynucleotide is RNA). Thus,the term “polynucleotide sequence” is the alphabetical representation ofa polynucleotide molecule; alternatively, the term may be applied to thepolynucleotide molecule itself. This alphabetical representation can beinput into databases in a computer having a central processing unit andused for bioinformatics applications such as functional genomics andhomology searching. Polynucleotides may optionally include one or morenon-standard nucleotide(s), nucleotide analog(s) and/or modifiednucleotides.

“Conservatively modified variants” applies to both amino acid andnucleic acid sequences. With respect to particular nucleic acidsequences, “conservatively modified variants” refers to those nucleicacids that encode identical or essentially identical amino acidsequences. Because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a number ofnucleic acid sequences will encode any given protein. For instance, thecodons GCA, GCC, GCG and GCU all encode the amino acid alanine. Thus, atevery position where an alanine is specified by a codon, the codon canbe altered to any of the corresponding codons described without alteringthe encoded polypeptide. Such nucleic acid variations are “silentvariations,” which are one species of conservatively modifiedvariations. Every nucleic acid sequence herein which encodes apolypeptide also describes every possible silent variation of thenucleic acid. One of skill will recognize that each codon in a nucleicacid (except AUG, which is ordinarily the only codon for methionine, andTGG, which is ordinarily the only codon for tryptophan) can be modifiedto yield a functionally identical molecule. Accordingly, each silentvariation of a nucleic acid which encodes a polypeptide is implicit ineach described sequence.

As defined herein, the term “activation”, “activate”, “activating” andthe like in reference to a protein refers to conversion of a proteininto a biologically active derivative from an initial inactive ordeactivated state. The terms reference activation, or activating,sensitizing, or up-regulating signal transduction or enzymatic activityor the amount of a protein decreased in a disease.

The terms “agonist,” “activator,” “upregulator,” etc. refer to asubstance capable of detectably increasing the expression or activity ofa given gene or protein. The agonist can increase expression or activity10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more in comparison to acontrol in the absence of the agonist. In certain instances, expressionor activity is 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold orhigher than the expression or activity in the absence of the agonist.

As defined herein, the term “inhibition”, “inhibit”, “inhibiting” andthe like in reference to a protein-inhibitor interaction meansnegatively affecting (e.g. decreasing) the activity or function of theprotein relative to the activity or function of the protein in theabsence of the inhibitor. In embodiments inhibition means negativelyaffecting (e.g. decreasing) the concentration or levels of the proteinrelative to the concentration or level of the protein in the absence ofthe inhibitor. In embodiments, inhibition refers to reduction of adisease or symptoms of disease. In embodiments, inhibition refers to areduction in the activity of a particular protein target. Thus,inhibition includes, at least in part, partially or totally blockingstimulation, decreasing, preventing, or delaying activation, orinactivating, desensitizing, or down-regulating signal transduction orenzymatic activity or the amount of a protein. In embodiments,inhibition refers to a reduction of activity of a target proteinresulting from a direct interaction (e.g. an inhibitor binds to thetarget protein). In embodiments, inhibition refers to a reduction ofactivity of a target protein from an indirect interaction (e.g. aninhibitor binds to a protein that activates the target protein, therebypreventing target protein activation).

The terms “inhibitor,” “repressor” or “antagonist” or “downregulator”interchangeably refer to a substance capable of detectably decreasingthe expression or activity of a given gene or protein. The antagonistcan decrease expression or activity 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%,80%, 90% or more in comparison to a control in the absence of theantagonist. In certain instances, expression or activity is 1.5-fold,2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold or lower than the expression oractivity in the absence of the antagonist.

The term “expression” includes any step involved in the production ofthe polypeptide including, but not limited to, transcription,post-transcriptional modification, translation, post-translationalmodification, and secretion. Expression can be detected usingconventional techniques for detecting protein (e.g., ELISA, Westernblotting, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry,etc.).

The term “aberrant” as used herein refers to different from normal. Whenused to describe enzymatic activity or protein function, aberrant refersto activity or function that is greater or less than a normal control orthe average of normal non-diseased control samples. Aberrant activitymay refer to an amount of activity that results in a disease, whereinreturning the aberrant activity to a normal or non-disease-associatedamount (e.g. by administering a compound or using a method as describedherein), results in reduction of the disease or one or more diseasesymptoms.

The terms “transfection”, “transduction”, “transfecting” or“transducing” can be used interchangeably and are defined as a processof introducing a nucleic acid molecule or a protein to a cell. Nucleicacids are introduced to a cell using non-viral or viral-based methods.The nucleic acid molecules may be gene sequences encoding completeproteins or functional portions thereof. Non-viral methods oftransfection include any appropriate transfection method that does notuse viral DNA or viral particles as a delivery system to introduce thenucleic acid molecule into the cell. Exemplary non-viral transfectionmethods include calcium phosphate transfection, liposomal transfection,nucleofection, sonoporation, transfection through heat shock,magnetifection and electroporation. In some embodiments, the nucleicacid molecules are introduced into a cell using electroporationfollowing standard procedures well known in the art. For viral-basedmethods of transfection any useful viral vector may be used in themethods described herein. Examples for viral vectors include, but arenot limited to retroviral, adenoviral, lentiviral and adeno-associatedviral vectors. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules areintroduced into a cell using a retroviral vector following standardprocedures well known in the art. The terms “transfection” or“transduction” also refer to introducing proteins into a cell from theexternal environment. Typically, transduction or transfection of aprotein relies on attachment of a peptide or protein capable of crossingthe cell membrane to the protein of interest. See, e.g., Ford et al.(2001) Gene Therapy 8:1-4 and Prochiantz (2007) Nat. Methods 4:119-20.

The term “signaling pathway” as used herein refers to a series ofinteractions between cellular and optionally extra-cellular components(e.g. proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, ions, lipids) thatconveys a change in one component to one or more other components, whichin turn may convey a change to additional components, which isoptionally propagated to other signaling pathway components. Forexample, binding of an enzyme with a compound as described herein mayreduce the level of a product of the enzyme catalyzed reaction or thelevel of a downstream derivative of the product or binding may reducethe interactions between the enzyme or a reaction product and downstreameffectors or signaling pathway components, resulting in changes in cellgrowth, proliferation, or survival.

A “cell” as used herein, refers to a cell carrying out metabolic orother function sufficient to preserve or replicate its genomic DNA. Acell can be identified by well-known methods in the art including, forexample, presence of an intact membrane, staining by a particular dye,ability to produce progeny or, in the case of a gamete, ability tocombine with a second gamete to produce a viable offspring. Cells mayinclude prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells include butare not limited to bacteria. Eukaryotic cells include but are notlimited to yeast cells and cells derived from plants and animals, forexample mammalian, insect (e.g., spodoptera) and human cells. Cells maybe useful when they are naturally nonadherent or have been treated notto adhere to surfaces, for example by trypsinization.

The terms “culture,” “culturing,” “grow,” “growing,” “maintain,”“maintaining,” “expand,” “expanding,” etc., when referring to cellculture itself or the process of culturing, can be used interchangeablyto mean that a cell is maintained outside the body (e.g., ex vivo) underconditions suitable for survival. Cultured cells are allowed to survive,and culturing can result in cell growth, differentiation, or division.The term does not imply that all cells in the culture survive or grow ordivide, as some may naturally senesce, etc. Cells are typically culturedin media, which can be changed during the course of the culture.

The terms “media” and “culture solution” refer to the cell culturemilieu. Media is typically an isotonic solution, and can be liquid,gelatinous, or semi-solid, e.g., to provide a matrix for cell adhesionor support. Media, as used herein, can include the components fornutritional, chemical, and structural support necessary for culturing acell.

As used herein, “conditions to allow growth” in culture and the likerefers to conditions of temperature (typically at about 37° C. formammalian cells), humidity, CO₂ (typically around 5%), in appropriatemedia (including salts, buffer, serum), such that the cells are able toundergo cell division or at least maintain viability for at least 24hours, preferably longer (e.g., for days, weeks or months).

Suitable culture conditions are described herein, and can includestandard tissue culture conditions. For example, HSCs, iPSCs, ES cells,or somatic cells can be cultured in a buffered media that includes aminoacids, nutrients, growth factors, etc., as will be understood in theart. In some aspects, the culture of ES cells or iPSCs includes feedercells (e.g., fibroblasts), while in others, the culture is devoid offeeder cells. Cell culture conditions are described in more detail,e.g., in Picot, Human Cell Culture Protocols (Methods in MolecularMedicine) 2010 ed. and Davis, Basic Cell Culture 2002 ed.

Culture conditions that support differentiation of HSCs to red bloodcells, lymphoid or myeloid cells are well known in the art and describedin more detail in Kevin D. Bunting (Ed) Hematopoietic Stem CellProtocols in series Methods in Molecular Biology (John M. Walker, SeriesEd.) ISBN 978-1-58829-868-3 and Dravid, G. et al. Molecular Therapy,2011, 19: 768-781. Growth factors can also be included in the culture topromote HSC differentiation in to red blood cells, lymphoid cell ormyeloid cells. Non-limiting examples of growth factors known in the artto support in vitro myeloid differentiation include stem cell factor(SCF), Flt3 ligand, thrombopoietin, interleukin-3 (IL-3) anderythropoietin. Non-limiting examples of growth factors known in the artto support in vitro lymphoid differentiation include SCF, Flt3 ligand,thrombopoietin, plus IL-7 (for B and T cells) or IL-15 (for NK cells).Further, Notch receptor ligand Delta-like 1 may be used to enhance Tcell differentiation.

The term “derived from,” when referring to cells or a biological sample,indicates that the cell or sample was obtained from the stated source atsome point in time. For example, a cell derived from an individual canrepresent a primary cell obtained directly from the individual (i.e.,unmodified), or can be modified, e.g., by introduction of a recombinantvector, by culturing under particular conditions, or immortalization. Insome cases, a cell derived from a given source will undergo celldivision and/or differentiation such that the original cell is no longerexists, but the continuing cells will be understood to derive from thesame source.

A “somatic cell” is a cell forming the body of an organism. Somaticcells include cells making up organs, skin, blood, bones and connectivetissue in an organism, but not germ line cells or stem cells.

A “hematologic cell” is a cell forming the blood, bone marrow and lymphnodes of an organism. Hematologic cells include platelets, neutrophils,monocytes, macrophages, basophils, lymphocytes, erythrocytes andeosinophils. Hematologic cells are derived from a common hematopoieticstem cell (HSC). A “hematopoietic stem cell” as provided herein refersto a somatic stem cell that is able to give rise to all blood cells. Ahematopoietic stem cell has the capacity to differentiate into cells ofthe myeloid lineage (i.e. erythrocytes, mast cells, basophils,neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and macrophages) and the lymphoidlineage (i.e. natural killer cells, T cells and B cells).

A “stem cell” is a cell characterized by the ability of self-renewalthrough mitotic cell division and the potential to differentiate into atissue or an organ. Among mammalian stem cells, embryonic stem cells (EScells) and somatic stem cells (e.g., HSC) can be distinguished.Embryonic stem cells reside in the blastocyst and give rise to embryonictissues, whereas somatic stem cells reside in adult tissues for thepurpose of tissue regeneration and repair.

The term “pluripotent” or “pluripotency” refers to cells with theability to give rise to progeny that can undergo differentiation, underappropriate conditions, into cell types that collectively exhibitcharacteristics associated with cell lineages from the three germ layers(endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). Pluripotent stem cells cancontribute to tissues of a prenatal, postnatal or adult organism. Astandard art-accepted test, such as the ability to form a teratoma in8-12 week old SCID mice, can be used to establish the pluripotency of acell population. However, identification of various pluripotent stemcell characteristics can also be used to identify pluripotent cells.

Where appropriate the expanding transfected derived stem cell may besubjected to a process of selection. A process of selection may includea selection marker introduced into an induced pluripotent stem cell upontransfection. A selection marker may be a gene encoding for apolypeptide with enzymatic activity. The enzymatic activity includes,but is not limited to, the activity of an acetyltransferase and aphosphotransferase. In some embodiments, the enzymatic activity of theselection marker is the activity of a phosphotransferase. The enzymaticactivity of a selection marker may confer to a transfected inducedpluripotent stem cell the ability to expand in the presence of a toxin.Such a toxin typically inhibits cell expansion and/or causes cell death.Examples of such toxins include, but are not limited to, hygromycin,neomycin, puromycin and gentamycin. In some embodiments, the toxin ishygromycin. Through the enzymatic activity of a selection marker, atoxin may be converted to a non-toxin, which no longer inhibitsexpansion and causes cell death of a transfected induced pluripotentstem cell. Upon exposure to a toxin, a cell lacking a selection markermay be eliminated and thereby precluded from expansion.

Identification of the induced pluripotent stem cell may include, but isnot limited to the evaluation of afore mentioned pluripotent stem cellcharacteristics. Such pluripotent stem cell characteristics includewithout further limitation, the expression or non-expression of certaincombinations of molecular markers. Further, cell morphologies associatedwith pluripotent stem cells are also pluripotent stem cellcharacteristics.

The term “gene” means the segment of DNA involved in producing aprotein; it includes regions preceding and following the coding region(leader and trailer) as well as intervening sequences (introns) betweenindividual coding segments (exons). The leader, the trailer as well asthe introns include regulatory elements that are necessary during thetranscription and the translation of a gene. Further, a “protein geneproduct” is a protein expressed from a particular gene.

The word “expression” or “expressed” as used herein in reference to aDNA nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a gene) means the transcriptionaland/or translational product of that sequence. The level of expressionof a DNA molecule in a cell may be determined on the basis of either theamount of corresponding mRNA that is present within the cell or theamount of protein encoded by that DNA produced by the cell (Sambrook etal., 1989 Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 18.1-18.88). When usedin reference to polypeptides, expression includes any step involved inthe production of a polypeptide including, but not limited to,transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation,post-translational modification, and secretion. Expression can bedetected using conventional techniques for detecting protein (e.g.,ELISA, Western blotting, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence,immunohistochemistry, etc.).

The term “recombinant” when used with reference, e.g., to a cell, ornucleic acid, protein, or vector, indicates that the cell, nucleic acid,protein or vector, has been modified by the introduction of aheterologous nucleic acid or protein or the alteration of a nativenucleic acid or protein, or that the cell is derived from a cell somodified. Thus, for example, recombinant cells express genes that arenot found within the native (non-recombinant) form of the cell orexpress native genes that are otherwise abnormally expressed, underexpressed or not expressed at all. Transgenic cells and animals arethose that express a heterologous gene or coding sequence, typically asa result of recombinant methods.

The term “exogenous” refers to a molecule or substance (e.g., acompound, nucleic acid or protein) that originates from outside a givencell or organism. Conversely, the term “endogenous” refers to a moleculeor substance that is native to, or originates within, a given cell ororganism.

The term “sample” includes sections of tissues such as biopsy andautopsy samples, and frozen sections taken for histological purposes.Such samples include blood and blood fractions or products (e.g., bonemarrow, serum, plasma, platelets, red blood cells, and the like),sputum, tissue, cultured cells (e.g., primary cultures, explants, andtransformed cells), stool, urine, other biological fluids (e.g.,prostatic fluid, gastric fluid, intestinal fluid, renal fluid, lungfluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and the like), etc. A sample is typicallyobtained from a “subject” such as a eukaryotic organism, most preferablya mammal such as a primate, e.g., chimpanzee or human; cow; dog; cat; arodent, e.g., guinea pig, rat, mouse; rabbit; or a bird; reptile; orfish. In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a human.

As may be used herein, the terms “nucleic acid,” “nucleic acidmolecule,” “nucleic acid oligomer,” “oligonucleotide,” “nucleic acidsequence,” “nucleic acid fragment” and “polynucleotide” are usedinterchangeably and are intended to include, but are not limited to, apolymeric form of nucleotides covalently linked together that may havevarious lengths, either deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides, oranalogs, derivatives or modifications thereof. Different polynucleotidesmay have different three-dimensional structures, and may perform variousfunctions, known or unknown. Non-limiting examples of polynucleotidesinclude a gene, a gene fragment, an exon, an intron, intergenic DNA(including, without limitation, heterochromatic DNA), messenger RNA(mRNA), transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, a ribozyme, cDNA, a recombinantpolynucleotide, a branched polynucleotide, a plasmid, a vector, isolatedDNA of a sequence, isolated RNA of a sequence, a nucleic acid probe, anda primer. Polynucleotides useful in the methods of the disclosure maycomprise natural nucleic acid sequences and variants thereof, artificialnucleic acid sequences, or a combination of such sequences.

Unless indicated otherwise, the following annotations are used in thenucleic acid sequences disclosed herein: *=phosphorothioate linkage;xxxxx=any linker described herein and in embodiments xxxxx maybe=—(CH₂)_(n)—PO₄—[(CH₂)_(n)—PO₄]_(z)—(CH₂)_(n)) bonded to phosphategroups at both ends except at the termini where terminal phosphates areoptionally added and 5′x has an OH terminus and 3′ x has a —C⁶—NH₂bondedto the final phosphate group, other linkages are phosphodiester; mNindicates a 2′OMe modified nucleotide; fN indicates a 2′fluoro modifiednucleotide; and rN indicates a ribonucleotide.

As used herein, the term “anti-microRNA (anti-miR)” or “anti-microRNA(anti-miR) nucleic acid sequence” is used according to its plain andordinary meaning and refers to RNA that is capable of suppressing orreducing expression and/or activity of a target microRNA. Inembodiments, the anti-miR oligomer may be a single stranded oligomer of20-30 bases. In embodiments, the anti-miR oligomer may be a doublestranded oligomer of 20-30 bases. In embodiments, the anti-miR oligomermay be partially double stranded, with single stranded overhangs. Inembodiments, the oligomer may have a 2′ chemical modification. Inembodiments, the oligomer may have serum stability-enhancing chemicalmodification, e.g., a phosphothioate internucleotide linkage, a2′-O-methyl ribonucleotide, a 2′-deoxy-2′fluoro ribonucleotide, a2′-deoxy ribonucleotide, a universal base nucleotide, a 5-C methylnucleotide, an inverted deoxybasic residue incorporation, or a lockednucleic acid. In embodiments, an anti-miR sequence hybridizes to thecorresponding miR sequence. Full complementarity is not necessarilyrequired, provided there is sufficient complementarity to causehybridization. In some embodiments, the degree of complementaritybetween an anti-miR sequence and its corresponding miR sequence, whenoptimally aligned using a suitable alignment algorithm, is about or morethan about 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%. Optimal alignment may be determined with the useof any suitable algorithm for aligning sequences, non-limiting exampleof which include the Smith-Waterman algorithm, the Needleman-Wunschalgorithm, algorithms based on the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (e.g. theBurrows Wheeler Aligner), ClustalW, Clustal X, BLAT, Novoalign(Novocraft Technologies, ELAND (Illumina, San Diego, Calif.), SOAP(available at soap.genomics.org.cn), and Maq (available atmaq.sourceforge.net). In embodiments, the anti-miR sequence has at least80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity withthe perfectly complementary sequence of the target miR sequence.

A “microRNA,” “microRNA nucleic acid sequence,” “miR,” “miRNA” as usedherein, refers to a nucleic acid that functions in RNA silencing andpost-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. The term includesall forms of a miRNA, such as the pri-, pre-, and mature forms of themiRNA. In embodiments, microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt)non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation ofgene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both thestability and translation of mRNAs. miRNAs are transcribed by RNApolymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts(pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. Theprimary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme toproduce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA),which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease togenerate the mature miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products.The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex(RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairingwith the miRNA and most commonly results in translational inhibition ordestabilization of the target mRNA. In embodiments, a miRNA nucleic acidsequence described herein is about 10 to 80 nucleotides (e.g., 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80 nucleotides)in length. In embodiments, a miRNA nucleic acid sequence describedherein is about 15 to 50 nucleotides (e.g., 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 nucleotides) in length. Inembodiments, a miRNA nucleic acid sequence described herein is about 18to 25 nucleotides (e.g., 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 nucleotides) inlength.

As used herein, the term “miR126” or “miR142 nucleic acid sequence”includes all forms of miR126 including the pri-, pre-, and mature formsof miR126, as well as variants, homologues, modifications, andderivatives thereof (e.g., within at least 50%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%,98%, 99% or 100% activity compared to the native miR126). Inembodiments, the variants or homologues or derivatives have at least50%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%sequence identity across the whole sequence or a portion of the sequence(e.g. a 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, or 80continuous nucleotides portion) compared to a naturally occurring form.In embodiments, the miR126 is the miRNA as identified by NCBI ReferenceSequence: NR 029695.1 or sequence:

 1 cgctggcgac gggacattat tacttttggt acgcgctgtg    acacttcaaa ctcgtaccgt61 gagtaataat gcgccgtcca cggca.

The term “anti-miR126” or “anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence” refers toa sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or100% sequence identity with the perfectly complementary sequence to thetarget miR126 nucleic acid as defined above.

As used herein, the term “microRNA-mimic (miRNA-mimic)” or “miRNA-mimicnucleic acid sequence” is used according to its plain and ordinarymeaning and refers to single, double or triple stranded oligonucleotidethat is capable of effecting a biological function similar to amicroRNA. In embodiments, miRNA-mimic may be non-natural double-strandedmiR-like RNA fragments. Such an RNA fragment may be designed to have its5′-end bearing a partially complementary motif to the selected sequencein the 3′UTR unique to the target gene. Once introduced into cells, thisRNA fragment, may mimic an endogenous miRNA, bind specifically to itstarget gene and produce posttranscriptional repression, morespecifically translational inhibition, of the gene. Unlike endogenousmiRNAs, miRNA-mimics may act in a gene-specific fashion. In embodiments,the miRNA-mimic may be a double stranded oligomer of 20-30 bases (e.g.,20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 bases). In embodiments, themiRNA-mimic may be a triple stranded oligomer of 20-30 bases (e.g., 20,21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 bases). In embodiments, themiRNA-mimic may have a 2′ chemical modification. In embodiments, themiRNA-mimic may have serum stability-enhancing chemical modification,e.g., a phosphothioate internucleotide linkage, a 2′-O-methylribonucleotide, a 2′-deoxy-2′fluoro ribonucleotide, a 2′-deoxyribonucleotide, a universal base nucleotide, a 5-C methyl nucleotide, aninverted deoxybasic residue incorporation, or a locked nucleic acid.

As used herein, the term “miR126-mimic” or “miR26-mimic nucleic acidsequence” refers to an oligonucleotide that is structurallysubstantially similar to miR126 and is capable of effecting a biologicalfunction similar to miR126. In embodiments, the miR126-mimic has atleast 50%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% activity comparedto the native miR126. In embodiments, the miR126-mimic has at least 50%,80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100%sequence identity across the whole sequence or a portion of the sequence(e.g. a 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, or 80continuous nucleotides portion) compared to native miR126.

As used herein, the term “phosphorothioated oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN)”refers to a nucleic acid sequence, e.g., “CpG nucleic acid sequence” or“GpC nucleic acid sequence”, in which some or all the internucleotidelinkages constitute a phosphorothioate linkage. In embodiments,phosphorothioated oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) is 15 to 30 bases long,single-stranded, partly or completely phosphorothioated. The partlyphosphorothioated ODN is an ODN in which 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or28, internucleotide linkages constitute a phosphorothioate linkage.

In embodiments, the term “CpG motif” in a nucleic acid refers to anucleic acid in which a 5′ C nucleotide connected to a 3′ G nucleotidethrough a phosphodiester internucleotide linkage or a phosphodiesterderivative internucleotide linkage. In embodiments, the term “CpG motif”in a nucleic acid refers to a nucleic acid in which a 5′ G nucleotideconnected to a 3′ C nucleotide through a phosphodiester internucleotidelinkage or a phosphodiester derivative internucleotide linkage (aka a“GpC nucleic acid sequence). In embodiments, a CpG motif includes aphosphodiester internucleotide linkage. In embodiments, a CpG motifincludes a phosphodiester derivative internucleotide linkage. Inembodiments, a CpG motif includes a phosphorothioate linkage.

As used herein, the term “Class A CpG ODN” or “A-class CpG ODN” or“D-type CpG ODN” or “Class A CpG DNA sequence” is used in accordancewith its common meaning in the biological and chemical sciences andrefers to a CpG motif including oligodeoxynucleotide including one ormore of poly-G sequence at the 5′, 3′, or both ends; an internalpalindrome sequence including CpG motif; or one or more phosphodiesterderivatives linking deoxynucleotides. In embodiments, a Class A CpG ODNincludes poly-G sequence at the 5′, 3′, or both ends; an internalpalindrome sequence including CpG motif; and one or more phosphodiesterderivatives linking deoxynucleotides. In embodiments, the phosphodiesterderivative is phosphorothioate. Examples of Class A CpG ODNs include ODND19, ODN 1585, ODN 2216, and ODN 2336.

As used herein, the term “Class B CpG ODN” or “B-class CpG ODN” or“K-type CpG ODN” or “Class B CpG DNA sequence” is used in accordancewith its common meaning in the biological and chemical sciences andrefers to a CpG motif including oligodeoxynucleotide including one ormore of a 6mer motif including a CpG motif; phosphodiester derivativeslinking all deoxynucleotides. In embodiments, a 6mer motif comprises5′-PuPyCGPyPu-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 15), where Pu represents a purinecontaining nucleobase (e.g., A or G) and Py represents a pyrimidinecontaining nucleobase (e.g., T/U or C). In embodiments, a Class B CpGODN includes one or more copies of a 6mer motif including a CpG motifand phosphodiester derivatives linking all deoxynucleotides. Inembodiments, the phosphodiester derivative is phosphorothioate. Inembodiments, a Class B CpG ODN includes one 6mer motif including a CpGmotif. In embodiments, a Class B CpG ODN includes two copies of a 6mermotif including a CpG motif. In embodiments, a Class B CpG ODN includesthree copies of a 6mer motif including a CpG motif. In embodiments, aClass B CpG ODN includes four copies of a 6mer motif including a CpGmotif. Examples of Class B CpG ODNs include ODN 1668, ODN 1826, ODN2006, and ODN 2007.

As used herein, the term “Class C CpG ODN” or “C-class CpG ODN”” or“C-type CpG DNA sequence” is used in accordance with its common meaningin the biological and chemical sciences and refers to anoligodeoxynucleotide including a palindrome sequence including a CpGmotif and phosphodiester derivatives (phosphorothioate) linking alldeoxynucleotides. Examples of Class C CpG ODNs include ODN 2395 and ODNM362.

A “label” or a “detectable moiety” is a composition detectable byspectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, chemical,magnetic resonance imaging, or other physical means. For example, usefuldetectable moieties include ³²P, fluorescent dyes, electron-densereagents, enzymes (e.g., as commonly used in an ELISA), biotin,digoxigenin, paramagnetic molecules, paramagnetic nanoparticles,ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (“USPIO”) nanoparticles, USPIOnanoparticle aggregates, superparamagnetic iron oxide (“SPIO”)nanoparticles, SPIO nanoparticle aggregates, monocrystalline SPIO,monocrystalline SPIO aggregates, monocrystalline iron oxidenanoparticles, monocrystalline iron oxide, other nanoparticle contrastagents, liposomes or other delivery vehicles containing Gadoliniumchelate (“Gd-chelate”) molecules, Gadolinium, radioisotopes,radionuclides (e.g., carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15, fluorine-18,rubidium-82), fluorodeoxyglucose (e.g., fluorine-18 labeled), any gammaray emitting radionuclides, positron-emitting radionuclide, radiolabeledglucose, radiolabeled water, radiolabeled ammonia, biocolloids,microbubbles (e.g., including microbubble shells including albumin,galactose, lipid, and/or polymers; microbubble gas core including air,heavy gas(es), perfluorocarbon, nitrogen, octafluoropropane, perflexanelipid microsphere, perflutren, etc.), iodinated contrast agents (e.g.,iohexol, iodixanol, ioversol, iopamidol, ioxilan, iopromide,diatrizoate, metrizoate, ioxaglate), barium sulfate, thorium dioxide,gold, gold nanoparticles, gold nanoparticle aggregates, fluorophores,two-photon fluorophores, or haptens and proteins or other entities whichcan be made detectable, e.g., by incorporating a radiolabel into apeptide or antibody specifically reactive with a target peptide.Detectable moieties also include any of the above compositionsencapsulated in nanoparticles, particles, aggregates, coated withadditional compositions, derivatized for binding to a targeting agent(e.g., compound described herein). Any method known in the art forconjugating an oligonucleotide or protein to the label may be employed,e.g., using methods described in Hermanson, Bioconjugate Techniques1996, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego.

The abbreviations used herein have their conventional meaning within thechemical and biological arts. The chemical structures and formulae setforth herein are constructed according to the standard rules of chemicalvalency known in the chemical arts.

Where substituent groups are specified by their conventional chemicalformulae, written from left to right, they equally encompass thechemically identical substituents that would result from writing thestructure from right to left, e.g., —CH₂O— is equivalent to —OCH₂—.

The term “alkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means,unless otherwise stated, a straight (i.e., unbranched) or branchednon-cyclic carbon chain (or carbon), or combination thereof, which maybe fully saturated, mono- or polyunsaturated and can include di- andmultivalent radicals, having the number of carbon atoms designated(i.e., C₁-C₁₀ means one to ten carbons). Examples of saturatedhydrocarbon radicals include, but are not limited to, groups such asmethyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl,sec-butyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl, homologs and isomers of, for example,n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like. An unsaturated alkylgroup is one having one or more double bonds or triple bonds. Examplesof unsaturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl,2-propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl,3-(1,4-pentadienyl), ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, 3-butynyl, and thehigher homologs and isomers. An alkoxy is an alkyl attached to theremainder of the molecule via an oxygen linker (—O—).

The term “alkylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means,unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkyl, asexemplified, but not limited by, —CH₂CH₂CH₂—. Typically, an alkyl (oralkylene) group will have from 1 to 24 carbon atoms. A “lower alkyl” or“lower alkylene” is a shorter chain alkyl or alkylene group, generallyhaving eight or fewer carbon atoms. The term “alkenylene,” by itself oras part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, adivalent radical derived from an alkene.

The term “heteroalkyl,” by itself or in combination with another term,means, unless otherwise stated, a stable non-cyclic straight or branchedchain, or combinations thereof, including at least one carbon atom andat least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N, P,Si, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally beoxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized. Theheteroatom(s) O, N, P, S, and Si may be placed at any interior positionof the heteroalkyl group or at the position at which the alkyl group isattached to the remainder of the molecule. Examples include, but are notlimited to: —CH₂—CH₂—O—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—NH—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—N(CH₃)—CH₃,—CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂, —S(O)—CH₃, —CH₂—CH₂—S(O)₂—CH₃, —CH═CH—O—CH₃,—Si(CH₃)₃, —CH₂—CH═N—OCH₃, —CH═CH—N(CH₃)—CH₃, —O—CH₃, —O—CH₂—CH₃, and—CN. Up to two or three heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, forexample, —CH₂—NH—OCH₃ and —CH₂—O—Si(CH₃)₃.

Similarly, the term “heteroalkylene,” by itself or as part of anothersubstituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derivedfrom heteroalkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by,—CH₂—CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₂— and —CH₂—S—CH₂—CH₂—NH—CH₂—. For heteroalkylenegroups, heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini(e.g., alkyleneoxy, alkylenedioxy, alkyleneamino, alkylenediamino, andthe like). Still further, for alkylene and heteroalkylene linkinggroups, no orientation of the linking group is implied by the directionin which the formula of the linking group is written. For example, theformula —C(O)₂R′— represents both —C(O)₂R′— and —R′C(O)₂—. As describedabove, heteroalkyl groups, as used herein, include those groups that areattached to the remainder of the molecule through a heteroatom, such as—C(O)R′, —C(O)NR′, —NR′R″, —OR′, —SR′, and/or —SO₂R′. Where“heteroalkyl” is recited, followed by recitations of specificheteroalkyl groups, such as —NR′R″ or the like, it will be understoodthat the terms heteroalkyl and —NR′R″ are not redundant or mutuallyexclusive. Rather, the specific heteroalkyl groups are recited to addclarity. Thus, the term “heteroalkyl” should not be interpreted hereinas excluding specific heteroalkyl groups, such as —NR′R″ or the like.

The terms “cycloalkyl” and “heterocycloalkyl,” by themselves or incombination with other terms, mean, unless otherwise stated, cyclicnon-aromatic versions of “alkyl” and “heteroalkyl,” respectively,wherein the carbons making up the ring or rings do not necessarily needto be bonded to a hydrogen due to all carbon valencies participating inbonds with non-hydrogen atoms. Additionally, for heterocycloalkyl, aheteroatom can occupy the position at which the heterocycle is attachedto the remainder of the molecule. Examples of cycloalkyl include, butare not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,1-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and the like. Examples ofheterocycloalkyl include, but are not limited to,1-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl), 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl,3-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl,tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydrothien-2-yl, tetrahydrothien-3-yl,1-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, and the like. A “cycloalkylene” and a“heterocycloalkylene,” alone or as part of another substituent, means adivalent radical derived from a cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl,respectively.

The terms “halo” or “halogen,” by themselves or as part of anothersubstituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine,bromine, or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as “haloalkyl” aremeant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl. For example, the term“halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl” includes, but is not limited to, fluoromethyl,difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl,3-bromopropyl, and the like.

The term “acyl” means, unless otherwise stated, —C(O)R where R is asubstituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

The term “aryl” means, unless otherwise stated, a polyunsaturated,aromatic, hydrocarbon substituent, which can be a single ring ormultiple rings (preferably from 1 to 3 rings) that are fused together(i.e., a fused ring aryl) or linked covalently (e.g., biphenyl). A fusedring aryl refers to multiple rings fused together wherein at least oneof the fused rings is an aryl ring. The term “heteroaryl” refers to arylgroups (or rings) that contain at least one heteroatom such as N, O, orS, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, andthe nitrogen atom(s) are optionally quaternized. Thus, the term“heteroaryl” includes fused ring heteroaryl groups (i.e., multiple ringsfused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is aheteroaromatic ring). A 5,6-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two ringsfused together, wherein one ring has 5 members and the other ring has 6members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. Likewise, a6,6-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, whereinone ring has 6 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein atleast one ring is a heteroaryl ring. And a 6,5-fused ring heteroarylenerefers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members andthe other ring has 5 members, and wherein at least one ring is aheteroaryl ring. A heteroaryl group can be attached to the remainder ofthe molecule through a carbon or heteroatom. Non-limiting examples ofaryl and heteroaryl groups include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl,4-biphenyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrazolyl,2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl,2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl,5-isoxazolyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl,2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl,4-pyrimidyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 5-indolyl,1-isoquinolyl, 5-isoquinolyl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 5-quinoxalinyl,3-quinolyl, and 6-quinolyl. Substituents for each of the above notedaryl and heteroaryl ring systems are selected from the group ofacceptable substituents described below. An “arylene” and a“heteroarylene,” alone or as part of another substituent, mean adivalent radical derived from an aryl and heteroaryl, respectively.Non-limiting examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridinyl,pyrimidinyl, thiophenyl, thienyl, furanyl, indolyl, benzoxadiazolyl,benzodioxolyl, benzodioxanyl, thianaphthanyl, pyrrolopyridinyl,indazolyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyridopyrazinyl, quinazolinonyl,benzoisoxazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl,benzothiophenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl,imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, furylthienyl,pyridyl, pyrimidyl, benzothiazolyl, purinyl, benzimidazolyl,isoquinolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyrrolyl, diazolyl, triazolyl,tetrazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolopyrimidinyl,pyrrolopyrimidinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxazolyl, or quinolyl. Theexamples above may be substituted or unsubstituted and divalent radicalsof each heteroaryl example above are non-limiting examples ofheteroarylene.

A fused ring heterocyloalkyl-aryl is an aryl fused to aheterocycloalkyl. A fused ring heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl is aheteroaryl fused to a heterocycloalkyl. A fused ringheterocycloalkyl-cycloalkyl is a heterocycloalkyl fused to a cycloalkyl.A fused ring heterocycloalkyl-heterocycloalkyl is a heterocycloalkylfused to another heterocycloalkyl. Fused ring heterocycloalkyl-aryl,fused ring heterocycloalkyl-heteroaryl, fused ringheterocycloalkyl-cycloalkyl, or fused ringheterocycloalkyl-heterocycloalkyl may each independently beunsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the substituentsdescribed herein.

The term “oxo,” as used herein, means an oxygen that is double bonded toa carbon atom.

The term “alkylsulfonyl,” as used herein, means a moiety having theformula —S(O₂)—R′, where R′ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylgroup as defined above. R′ may have a specified number of carbons (e.g.,“C₁-C₄ alkylsulfonyl”).

Each of the above terms (e.g., “alkyl,” “heteroalkyl,” “aryl,” and“heteroaryl”) includes both substituted and unsubstituted forms of theindicated radical. Preferred substituents for each type of radical areprovided below.

Substituents for the alkyl and heteroalkyl radicals (including thosegroups often referred to as alkylene, alkenyl, heteroalkylene,heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, andheterocycloalkenyl) can be one or more of a variety of groups selectedfrom, but not limited to, —OR′, ═O, ═NR′, ═N—OR′, —NR′R″, —SR′,-halogen, —SiR′R″R′″, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO₂R′, —CONR′R″, —OC(O)NR′R″,—NR″C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR″R′″, —NR″C(O)₂R′, —NR—C(NR′R″R′″)═NR″″,—NR—C(NR′R″)═NR′″, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NRSO₂R′, —NR′NR″R′″,—ONR′R″, —NR′C═(O)NR″NR′″R″″, —CN, —NO₂, in a number ranging from zeroto (2m′+1), where m′ is the total number of carbon atoms in suchradical. R, R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ each preferably independently refer tohydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., aryl substituted with 1-3halogens), substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, or thioalkoxy groups, or arylalkyl groups.When a compound of the invention includes more than one R group, forexample, each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R′,R″, R′″, and R″″ group when more than one of these groups is present.When R′ and R″ are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can becombined with the nitrogen atom to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-memberedring. For example, —NR′R″ includes, but is not limited to,1-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl. From the above discussion ofsubstituents, one of skill in the art will understand that the term“alkyl” is meant to include groups including carbon atoms bound togroups other than hydrogen groups, such as haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃ and—CH₂CF₃) and acyl (e.g., —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CF₃, —C(O)CH₂OCH₃, and thelike).

Similar to the substituents described for the alkyl radical,substituents for the aryl and heteroaryl groups are varied and areselected from, for example: —OR′, —NR′R″, —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R″R′″,—OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO₂R′, —CONR′R″, —OC(O) NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R′,—NR′—C(O)NR″R′″, —NR″C(O)₂R′, —NR—C(NR′R″R′″)═NR″″, —NR—C(NR′R″)═N R′″,—S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NRSO₂R′, —NR′NR″R′″, —ONR′R″,—NR′C═(O)NR″NR′″R″″, —CN, —NO₂, —R′, —N₃, —CH(Ph)₂, fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkoxy,and fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkyl, in a number ranging from zero to the totalnumber of open valences on the aromatic ring system; and where R′, R″,R′″, and R″″ are preferably independently selected from hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, andsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. When a compound of theinvention includes more than one R group, for example, each of the Rgroups is independently selected as are each R′, R″, R′″, and R″″ groupswhen more than one of these groups is present.

Two or more substituents may optionally be joined to form aryl,heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl groups. Such so-calledring-forming substituents are typically, though not necessarily, foundattached to a cyclic base structure. In one embodiment, the ring-formingsubstituents are attached to adjacent members of the base structure. Forexample, two ring-forming substituents attached to adjacent members of acyclic base structure create a fused ring structure. In anotherembodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to a singlemember of the base structure. For example, two ring-forming substituentsattached to a single member of a cyclic base structure create aspirocyclic structure. In yet another embodiment, the ring-formingsubstituents are attached to non-adjacent members of the base structure.

Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ringmay optionally form a ring of the formula -T-C(O)—(CRR′)_(q)-U-, whereinT and U are independently —NR—, —O—, —CRR′—, or a single bond, and q isan integer of from 0 to 3. Alternatively, two of the substituents onadjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replacedwith a substituent of the formula -A—(CH₂)_(r)-B-, wherein A and B areindependently —CRR′—, —O—, —NR—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR′—, or asingle bond, and r is an integer of from 1 to 4. One of the single bondsof the new ring so formed may optionally be replaced with a double bond.Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl orheteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of theformula —(CRR′)_(s)—X′—(C″R″R′″)_(d)—, where s and d are independentlyintegers of from 0 to 3, and X′ is —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or—S(O)₂NR′—. The substituents R, R′, R″, and R′″ are preferablyindependently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl.

As used herein, the terms “heteroatom” or “ring heteroatom” are meant toinclude, oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), andsilicon (Si).

A “substituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from thefollowing moieties:

-   -   (A) oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂,        —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂,        —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,        —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —NHSO₂CH₃, —N₃, unsubstituted alkyl,        unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl,        unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl,        unsubstituted heteroaryl, and    -   (B) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,        heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent selected        from:        -   (i) oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂,            —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂,            —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H, —NHC(O)—OH,            —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —NHSO₂CH₃, —N₃, unsubstituted alkyl,            unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl,            unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl,            unsubstituted heteroaryl, and        -   (ii) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,            heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent            selected from:            -   (a) oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH, —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂,                —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H, —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂,                —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂, —NHSO₂H, —NHC═(O)H,                —NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —NHSO₂CH₃, —N₃,                unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl,                unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted                heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted                heteroaryl, and            -   (b) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,                aryl, heteroaryl, substituted with at least one                substituent selected from: oxo, halogen, —CF₃, —CN, —OH,                —NH₂, —COOH, —CONH₂, —NO₂, —SH, —SO₂Cl, —SO₃H, —SO₄H,                —SO₂NH₂, —NHNH₂, —ONH₂, —NHC═(O)NHNH₂, —NHC═(O) NH₂,                —NHSO₂H, —NHC=            -   (O)H, —NHC(O)—OH, —NHOH, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —NHSO₂CH₃, —N₃,                unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl,                unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted                heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted                heteroaryl.

A “size-limited substituent” or “size-limited substituent group,” asused herein, means a group selected from all of the substituentsdescribed above for a “substituent group,” wherein each substituted orunsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl, eachsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is asubstituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, eachsubstituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₁₀ aryl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is asubstituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl.

A “lower substituent” or “lower substituent group,” as used herein,means a group selected from all of the substituents described above fora “substituent group,” wherein each substituted or unsubstituted alkylis a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, each substituted orunsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, each substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and each substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9membered heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, each substituted group described in the compoundsherein is substituted with at least one substituent group. Morespecifically, in some embodiments, each substituted alkyl, substitutedheteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl,substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkylene,substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substitutedheterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and/or substitutedheteroarylene described in the compounds herein are substituted with atleast one substituent group. In other embodiments, at least one or allof these groups are substituted with at least one size-limitedsubstituent group. In other embodiments, at least one or all of thesegroups are substituted with at least one lower substituent group.

In other embodiments of the compounds herein, each substituted orunsubstituted alkyl may be a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl,each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is asubstituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl, eachsubstituted or unsubstituted aryl is a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₁₀ aryl, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl is asubstituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. In someembodiments of the compounds herein, each substituted or unsubstitutedalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene, eachsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene is a substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkylene, each substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene isa substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, eachsubstituted or unsubstituted arylene is a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₁₀ arylene, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryleneis a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroarylene.

In some embodiments, each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is asubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, each substituted orunsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is asubstituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, each substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7membered heterocycloalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted aryl is asubstituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and/or each substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, each substituted orunsubstituted alkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkylene,each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene is a substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkylene, each substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkylene is a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₇cycloalkylene, each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene isa substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 7 membered heterocycloalkylene, eachsubstituted or unsubstituted arylene is a substituted or unsubstitutedC₆-C₁₀ arylene, and/or each substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryleneis a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 9 membered heteroarylene. In someembodiments, the compound is a chemical species set forth in theExamples section below.

As used herein, the term “conjugated” when referring to two moietiesmeans the two moieties are bonded, wherein the bond or bonds connectingthe two moieties may be covalent or non-covalent. In embodiments, thetwo moieties are covalently bonded to each other (e.g., directly orthrough a covalently bonded intermediary). In embodiments, the twomoieties are non-covalently bonded (e.g., through ionic bond(s), van derwaal's bond(s)/interactions, hydrogen bond(s), polar bond(s), orcombinations or mixtures thereof).

The terms “prevent,” “preventing,” or “prevention,” and othergrammatical equivalents as used herein, include to keep from developing,occur, hinder or avert a disease or condition symptoms as well as todecrease the occurrence of symptoms. The prevention may be complete(i.e., no detectable symptoms) or partial, so that fewer symptoms areobserved than would likely occur absent treatment. The terms furtherinclude a prophylactic benefit. For a disease or condition to beprevented, the compositions may be administered to a patient at risk ofdeveloping a particular disease, or to a patient reporting one or moreof the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though a diagnosis ofthis disease may not have been made.

The term “inhibiting” also means reducing an effect (disease state orexpression level of a gene/protein/mRNA) relative to the state in theabsence of a compound or composition of the present disclosure.

The terms “phenotype” and “phenotypic” as used herein refer to anorganism's observable characteristics such as onset or progression ofdisease symptoms, biochemical properties, or physiological properties.

For specific proteins described herein (e.g., CD34 or CD38), the namedprotein includes any of the protein's naturally occurring forms,variants or homologs (e.g., within at least 50%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99% or 100% activity compared to the native protein). In someembodiments, variants or homologs have at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,99% or 100% amino acid sequence identity across the whole sequence or aportion of the sequence (e.g. a 50, 100, 150 or 200 continuous aminoacid portion) compared to a naturally occurring form. In otherembodiments, the protein is the protein as identified by its NCBIsequence reference. In other embodiments, the protein is the protein asidentified by its NCBI sequence reference, homolog or functionalfragment thereof.

The term “CD34” refers to hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34also known as CD34 antigen that is encoded by the CD34 gene in humans.It is a cell surface glycoprotein and functions as a cell-cell adhesionfactor. The term “CD34” as provided herein includes any of the CD34protein naturally occurring forms, homologs or variants that maintainthe activity of CD34 (e.g., within at least 50%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99% or 100% activity compared to the native protein). Inembodiments, variants or homologs have at least 50%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% amino acid sequenceidentity across the whole sequence or a portion of the sequence (e.g. a50, 100, 150 or 200 continuous amino acid portion) compared to anaturally occurring form. In embodiments, the CD34 protein is theprotein as identified by the NCBI sequence reference NP_001764 orNP_001020280.1, homolog or functional fragment thereof.

The term “CD38” refers to cluster of differentiation 38, also known ascyclic ADP ribose hydrolase that is encoded by the CD38 gene in humans.It is a cell surface glycoprotein and functions in cell-cell adhesionand signaling transduction. The term “CD38” as provided herein includesany of the CD38 protein naturally occurring forms, homologs or variantsthat maintain the activity of CD38 (e.g., within at least 50%, 80%, 90%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% activity compared to the nativeprotein). In embodiments, variants or homologs have at least 50%, 80%,85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% amino acidsequence identity across the whole sequence or a portion of the sequence(e.g. a 50, 100, 150 or 200 continuous amino acid portion) compared to anaturally occurring form. In embodiments, the CD38 protein is theprotein as identified by the NCBI sequence reference NP_001766.2,homolog or functional fragment thereof.

The term “an amount of” in reference to a polynucleotide or polypeptide,refers to an amount at which a component or element is detected. Theamount may be measured against a control, for example, wherein anincreased level of a particular polynucleotide or polypeptide inrelation to the control, demonstrates enrichment of the polynucleotideor polypeptide. Thus, in embodiments, an increased amount indicates agreater level or efficiency of grafting HSPCs described herein into ahost (e.g., mouse). The term refers to quantitative measurement of theenrichment as well as qualitative measurement of an increase or decreaserelative to a control.

Throughout the description and claims of this specification the word“comprise” and other forms of the word, such as “comprising” and“comprises,” means including but not limited to, and is not intended toexclude, for example, other components.

“Analog,” “analogue,” or “derivative” is used in accordance with itsplain ordinary meaning within Chemistry and Biology and refers to achemical agent that is structurally similar to another agent (i.e., aso-called “reference” agent) but differs in composition, e.g., in thereplacement of one atom by an atom of a different element, or in thepresence of a particular functional group, or the replacement of onefunctional group by another functional group, or the absolutestereochemistry of a chiral center of the reference agent. In someembodiments, a derivative may be a conjugate with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable agent, for example, phosphate or phosphonate.

As used herein, the term “salt” refers to acid or base salts of theagents used herein. Illustrative but non-limiting examples of acceptablesalts are mineral acid (hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoricacid, sulfuric acid, and the like) salts, organic acid (acetic acid,propionic acid, glutamic acid, citric acid, and the like) salts, andquaternary ammonium (methyl iodide, ethyl iodide, and the like) salts.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” is meant to include saltsof the active compounds that are prepared with relatively nontoxic acidsor bases, depending on the particular substituents found on thecompounds described herein. When compounds of the present disclosurecontain relatively acidic functionalities, base addition salts can beobtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with asufficient amount of the desired base, either neat or in a suitableinert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable base additionsalts include sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic amino, ormagnesium salt, or a similar salt. When compounds of the presentdisclosure contain relatively basic functionalities, acid addition saltscan be obtained by contacting the neutral form of such compounds with asufficient amount of the desired acid, either neat or in a suitableinert solvent. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid additionsalts include those derived from inorganic acids like hydrochloric,hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric,monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric,monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and the like, aswell as the salts derived from relatively nontoxic organic acids likeacetic, propionic, isobutyric, maleic, malonic, benzoic, succinic,suberic, fumaric, lactic, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic,p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric, methanesulfonic, and the like. Alsoincluded are salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like, andsalts of organic acids like glucuronic or galactunoric acids and thelike (see, e.g., Berge et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 66:1-19(1977)). Certain specific compounds of the present disclosure containboth basic and acidic functionalities that allow the compounds to beconverted into either base or acid addition salts. Otherpharmaceutically acceptable carriers known to those of skill in the artare suitable for the present disclosure. Salts tend to be more solublein aqueous or other protonic solvents that are the corresponding freebase forms. In other cases, the preparation may be a lyophilized powderin 1 mM-50 mM histidine, 0.1%-2% sucrose, 2%-7% mannitol at a pH rangeof 4.5 to 5.5, that is combined with buffer prior to use.

Thus, the compounds of the present disclosure may exist as salts, suchas with pharmaceutically acceptable acids. The present disclosureincludes such salts. Examples of such salts include hydrochlorides,hydrobromides, sulfates, methanesulfonates, nitrates, maleates,acetates, citrates, fumarates, tartrates (e.g., (+)-tartrates,(−)-tartrates, or mixtures thereof including racemic mixtures),succinates, benzoates, and salts with amino acids such as glutamic acid.These salts may be prepared by methods known to those skilled in theart.

An “adjuvant” (from Latin, adiuvare: to aid) is a pharmacological and/orimmunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents.

A “diluent” (also referred to as a filler, dilutant or thinner) is adiluting agent. Certain fluids are too viscous to be pumped easily ortoo dense to flow from one particular point to the other. This can beproblematic, because it might not be economically feasible to transportsuch fluids in this state. To ease this restricted movement, diluentsare added. This decreases the viscosity of the fluids, thereby alsodecreasing the pumping/transportation costs.

The terms “administration” or “administering” refer to the act ofproviding an agent of the current embodiments or pharmaceuticalcomposition including an agent of the current embodiments to theindividual in need of treatment.

By “co-administer” it is meant that a composition described herein isadministered at the same time, just prior to, or just after theadministration of additional therapies. The compound or the compositionof the disclosure can be administered alone or can be co-administered tothe patient. Co-administration is meant to include simultaneous orsequential administration of the compound individually or in combination(more than one compound or agent). The preparations can also becombined, when desired, with other active substances (e.g. to reducemetabolic degradation).

As used herein, “sequential administration” includes that theadministration of two agents (e.g., the compounds or compositionsdescribed herein) occurs separately on the same day or do not occur on asame day (e.g., occurs on consecutive days).

As used herein, “concurrent administration” includes overlapping induration at least in part. For example, when two agents (e.g., any ofthe agents or class of agents described herein that has bioactivity) areadministered concurrently, their administration occurs within a certaindesired time. The agents' administration may begin and end on the sameday. The administration of one agent can also precede the administrationof a second agent by day(s) as long as both agents are taken on the sameday at least once. Similarly, the administration of one agent can extendbeyond the administration of a second agent as long as both agents aretaken on the same day at least once. The bioactive agents/agents do nothave to be taken at the same time each day to include concurrentadministration.

As used herein, “intermittent administration includes the administrationof an agent for a period of time (which can be considered a “firstperiod of administration”), followed by a time during which the agent isnot taken or is taken at a lower maintenance dose (which can beconsidered “off-period”) followed by a period during which the agent isadministered again (which can be considered a “second period ofadministration”). Generally, during the second phase of administration,the dosage level of the agent will match that administered during thefirst period of administration but can be increased or decreased asmedically necessary.

As used herein, the term “administering” means oral administration,administration as a suppository, topical contact, intravenous,parenteral, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intralesional, intrathecal,intranasal or subcutaneous administration, or the implantation of aslow-release device, e.g., a mini-osmotic pump, to a subject.Administration is by any route, including parenteral and transmucosal(e.g., buccal, sublingual, palatal, gingival, nasal, vaginal, rectal, ortransdermal). Parenteral administration includes, e.g., intravenous,intramuscular, intra-arteriole, intradermal, subcutaneous,intraperitoneal, intraventricular, and. Other modes of delivery include,but are not limited to, the use of liposomal formulations, intravenousinfusion, transdermal patches, etc.

The compositions disclosed herein can be delivered transdermally, by atopical route, formulated as applicator sticks, solutions, suspensions,emulsions, gels, creams, ointments, pastes, jellies, paints, powders,and aerosols. Oral preparations include tablets, pills, powder, dragees,capsules, liquids, lozenges, cachets, gels, syrups, slurries,suspensions, etc., suitable for ingestion by the patient. Solid formpreparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets,suppositories, and dispersible granules. Liquid form preparationsinclude solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, for example, water orwater/propylene glycol solutions. The compositions of the presentdisclosure may additionally include components to provide sustainedrelease and/or comfort. Such components include high molecular weight,anionic mucomimetic polymers, gelling polysaccharides and finely-divideddrug carrier substrates. These components are discussed in greaterdetail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,911,920; 5,403,841; 5,212,162; and 4,861,760.The entire contents of these patents are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety for all purposes. The compositions disclosedherein can also be delivered as microspheres for slow release in thebody. For example, microspheres can be administered via intradermalinjection of drug-containing microspheres, which slowly releasesubcutaneously (see Rao, J. Bioniater Sci. Polym. Ed. 7:623-645, 1995;as biodegradable and injectable gel formulations (see, e.g., Gao Phann.Res. 12:857-863, 1995); or, as microspheres for oral administration(see, e.g., Eyles, J. Phann. Pharmacol. 49:669-674, 1997).

As used herein, an “effective amount” or “therapeutically effectiveamount” is that amount sufficient to affect a desired biological effect,such as beneficial results, including clinical results. As such, an“effective amount” depends upon the context in which it is beingapplied. An effective amount may vary according to factors known in theart, such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individualbeing treated. Several divided doses may be administered daily or thedose may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of thetherapeutic situation. In addition, the compositions/formulations ofthis disclosure can be administered as frequently as necessary toachieve a therapeutic amount.

Pharmaceutical compositions may include compositions wherein thetherapeutic drug (e.g., agents described herein, including embodimentsor examples) is contained in a therapeutically effective amount, i.e.,in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose. The actualamount effective for a particular application will depend, inter alia,on the condition being treated. When administered in methods to treat adisease, such compositions will contain an amount of therapeutic drugeffective to achieve the desired result, e.g., modulating the activityof a target molecule, and/or reducing, eliminating, or slowing theprogression of disease symptoms.

The dosage and frequency (single or multiple doses) administered to amammal can vary depending upon a variety of factors, for example,whether the mammal suffers from another disease, and its route ofadministration; size, age, sex, health, body weight, body mass index,and diet of the recipient; nature and extent of symptoms of the diseasebeing treated, kind of concurrent treatment, complications from thedisease being treated or other health-related problems. Othertherapeutic regimens or agents can be used in conjunction with themethods and agents of this disclosure. Adjustment and manipulation ofestablished dosages (e.g., frequency and duration) are well within theability of those skilled in the art.

For any therapeutic agent described herein, the therapeuticallyeffective amount can be initially determined from cell culture assays.Target concentrations will be those concentrations of therapeuticdrug(s) that are capable of achieving the methods described herein, asmeasured using the methods described herein or known in the art.

The term “about” refers to any minimal alteration in the concentrationor amount of an agent that does not change the efficacy of the agent inpreparation of a formulation and in treatment of a disease or disorder.The term “about” with respect to concentration range of the agents(e.g., therapeutic/active agents) of the current disclosure also refersto any variation of a stated amount or range which would be an effectiveamount or range.

Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value,and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range isexpressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and/orto the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed asapproximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it is understood thatthe particular value forms another aspect. It is further understood thatthe endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation tothe other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is alsounderstood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and thateach value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value inaddition to the value itself. It is also understood that throughout theapplication, data are provided in a number of different formats and thatthis data represent endpoints and starting points and ranges for anycombination of the data points. For example, if a particular data point“10” and a particular data point “15” are disclosed, it is understoodthat greater than, greater than or equal to, less than, less than orequal to, and equal to 10 and 15 are considered disclosed as well asbetween 10 and 15. It is also understood that each unit between twoparticular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 aredisclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.

Methods

Provided herein is a method of treating a red blood cell disease in asubject in need thereof, the method including administering to thesubject an effective amount of an anti-miR126 compound or apharmaceutical composition including an anti-miR126 compound disclosedherein. In embodiments, the disease is anemia. Thus, in one aspect, amethod of treating anemia in a subject in need thereof is provided. Themethod includes administering to the subject an effective amount of ananti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound.

In one aspect, a method of treating a red blood cell disease in asubject in need thereof is provided. The method includes administeringto the subject an effective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126)compound.

In one aspect, a method of treating or preventing anemia in a subject inneed thereof is provided. The method includes (i) isolating ahematopoietic stem cell (HSC) from a subject, thereby forming anisolated HSC; (ii) contacting the isolated HSC with an anti-microRNA126(miR126) compound thereby forming a contacted HSC; and (iii)administering the contacted HSC to the subject, thereby treating orpreventing anemia in the subject.

In embodiments, the contacting step is free of viral transduction. Inembodiments, the contacted HSC is allowed to divide prior to theadministering of step (iii). In embodiments, the isolating includesobtaining a biological sample from the subject and isolating the HSCfrom the biological sample. In embodiments, the biological sample is ablood sample or a bone marrow sample.

In one aspect, a method of forming a red blood cell is provided. Themethod includes: (i) contacting a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) with ananti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound, thereby forming a contacted HSC; andallowing the contacted HSC to divide, thereby forming a red blood cell.In embodiments, the contacting occurs in a subject. In embodiments, theHSC is derived from a biological sample. In embodiments, the biologicalsample is a blood sample or a bone marrow sample. In embodiments, thecontacting occurs in vitro. In embodiments, the contacted HSC isadministered to a subject. In embodiments, the contacting step is freeof viral transduction and the HSC is contacted with the compound. Inembodiments, the HSC is contacted with about 1-100 nanomolarconcentration of the compound.

In embodiments, the anti-miR126 compound includes: (i) aphosphorothioated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) conjugated to ananti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence; (ii) a CpG-ODN conjugated to amiRNA126 mimic nucleic acid sequence; or (iii) an unconjugatedanti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence, wherein the unconjugated anti-miR126nucleic acid sequence includes one or more phosphorothioate linkages andone or more chemically modified nucleotides.

In embodiments, the anti-miR126 compound further includes a covalentlinker between the CpG-ODN and the anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence orbetween the CpG-ODN and the miRNA126 mimic nucleic acid sequence. Inembodiments, the linker is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene,substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, orsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene. In embodiments, the linkeris a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄₀ alkylene, substituted orunsubstituted 2 to 40 membered heteroalkylene, substituted orunsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8membered heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroarylene.In embodiments, the id linker is an unsubstituted C₁-C₄₀ alkylene,unsubstituted 2 to 40 membered heteroalkylene, unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkylene, unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene,unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ arylene, or unsubstituted 5 to 10 memberedheteroarylene. In embodiments, the linker is a substituted 2 to 40membered heteroalkylene.

In embodiments, the anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence, the miRNA126mimic nucleic acid sequence or the unconjugated anti-miR126 nucleic acidsequence are independently chemically modified. In embodiments, theanti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence, the miRNA126 mimic nucleic acidsequence or the unconjugated anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequenceindependently include a chemical modification selected for the groupconsisting of a 2′ O-Methyl, 2′-deoxy-2′fluoro, 2′-deoxy, a universalbase, 5-C-methyl, an inverted deoxy abasic residue incorporation, and alocked nucleic acid. In embodiments, the modification is positioned atthe terminal nucleobase of the anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence, themiRNA126 mimic nucleic acid sequence or the unconjugated anti-miR126nucleic acid sequence. In embodiments, the modification is notpositioned at the terminal nucleobase of the anti-miR126 nucleic acidsequence, the miRNA126 mimic nucleic acid sequence or the unconjugatedanti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence. In embodiments, the modificationprotects against serum-derived nucleases.

In embodiments, the compound is administered to the subject byintravenous, parenteral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, transdermal,intraperitoneal, intranasal, aerosol, oral, or topical administration.In embodiments, the compound is administered to the subject byintravenous, parenteral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, transdermal,intraperitoneal, intranasal, aerosol, oral, or topical administration.In embodiments, the treatment is dose-dependent of the compound orcomposition. In embodiments, about 0.001 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of thecompound are administered to the subject.

The compounds used for the methods provided herein including embodimentsthereof may include an anti-microRNA (anti-miR) sequence, where theanti-miR sequence includes one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,28, 29, 30, or more), phosphorothioate linkages and one or more (e.g.,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or more) chemically modifiednucleotides.

In embodiments, the anti-miR is anti-miR126. In embodiments, themiRNA-mimic is miR126-mimic.

In embodiments, the linker represented by “xxxxx” or the like describedherein is a bond, substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituentgroup, size-limited substituent group or lower substituent group) orunsubstituted alkylene, substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituentgroup, size-limited substituent group or lower substituent group) orunsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted (e.g. substituted with asubstituent group, size-limited substituent group or lower substituentgroup) or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted (e.g. substitutedwith a substituent group, size-limited substituent group or lowersubstituent group) or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted(e.g. substituted with a substituent group, size-limited substituentgroup or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted arylene, substituted(e.g. substituted with a substituent group, size-limited substituentgroup or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted cyclo-heteroalkyleneor —(CH₂)_(n)—PO₄—[(CH₂)_(n)PO₄]_(z)—(CH₂)_(n), in which the symbol n isan integer from 1 to 5 (e.g., 3) and the symbol z is an integer from 0to 50 (e.g. from 0 to 25, 0 to 10, or 0 to 5). In embodiments, n is 3and z is 0 to 5 or 1 to 5. In embodiments, n is 3 and z is 0 to 4 or 1to 4. In embodiments, n is 3 and z is 0 to 3 or 1 to 3. In embodiments,n is 3 and z is 3. 2′OMe (2′-O-Methylnucleoside; Hydroxyl in 2′-positionreplaced with 2′-OMethyl); PS is phoshorothioation. One none-bridgingoxygen replaced with sulfur; PS+3 represents three phosphates in thesequence modified, had one none-bridging oxygen replaced with sulfur;PS+5 represents five phosphates in the sequence modified, had onenone-bridging oxygen replaced with sulfur.

For example, as shown below, in embodiments, nucleobases in thephosphorothioated oligonucleotide of the present disclosure sequence mayinclude a phosphorothioate internucleotide linkage. A portion of such aphosphorothioated oligonucleotide is shown below.

The linker may have the structure below, where the linker connects withthe 3′ phosphate of the guanine on one end and the 5′ phosphate of thethymidine on the other end, and the nucleobases in the antisense partmay be modified with 2′OMe.

The above formula represents a portion of the CpG-ODN linked at the3′-OH end with a (CH₂)₃ linker (also referred to herein as the C3linker), which links to the 5′-phosphate of the antisense RNA.

The linker may be a bond, substituted (e.g. substituted with asubstituent group, size-limited substituent group or lower substituentgroup) or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted (e.g. substituted with asubstituent group, size-limited substituent group or lower substituentgroup) or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted (e.g. substitutedwith a substituent group, size-limited substituent group or lowersubstituent group) or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted (e.g.substituted with a substituent group, size-limited substituent group orlower substituent group) or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene,substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituent group, size-limitedsubstituent group or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted arylene,or substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene.

In embodiments, the compound including a nucleic acid sequence (CpG-ODN)is conjugated to an anti-miR or miRNA-mimic sequence, with one or morelinkers described herein.

In embodiments, the compound including a nucleic acid sequence of ananti-miR or miRNA-mimic sequence, where the nucleic acid sequencecontains one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 ormore) phosphorothioate linkages and/or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 or more) chemically modified nucleotides. Inembodiments, a chemical modification is selected from the groupconsisting of a 2′ O-Methyl, 2′-deoxy-2′fluoro, 2′-deoxy, a universalbase, 5-C-methyl, an inverted deoxy abasic residue incorporation, and alocked nucleic acid.

In embodiments, the linker is a covalent linker (i.e. a linker thatcovalently attaches at least two (e.g. 2) portions of a compound). Inembodiments, the linker is or includes a substituted (e.g. substitutedwith a substituent group, size-limited substituent group or lowersubstituent group) or unsubstituted alkylene or heteroalkylene linker.In embodiments, the nucleic acid conjugated to anti-miRs and miRNAmimics includes more than one substituted (e.g. substituted with asubstituent group, size-limited substituent group or lower substituentgroup) or unsubstituted heteroalkylene linkers. Linkers may be addedduring the synthesis in sequence. In embodiments, heteroalkylene linkersare connected to each other with an intervening phosphate bond. Inembodiments, the covalent linker is a substituted (e.g. substituted witha substituent group, size-limited substituent group or lower substituentgroup) or unsubstituted heteroalkylene linker.

In embodiments, the linker is a substituted (e.g. substituted with asubstituent group, size-limited substituent group or lower substituentgroup) or unsubstituted heteroalkylene or substituted (e.g. substitutedwith a substituent group, size-limited substituent group or lowersubstituent group) or unsubstituted cyclo-heteroalkylene. A“cyclo-heteroalkylene,” as used herein is a heteroalkylene having a oneor more divalent cyclic moieties within the heteroalkylene chain. Thecyclic moiety may be a substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituentgroup, size-limited substituent group or lower substituent group) orunsubstituted cycloalklylene, substituted (e.g. substituted with asubstituent group, size-limited substituent group or lower substituentgroup) or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted (e.g.substituted with a substituent group, size-limited substituent group orlower substituent group) or unsubstituted arylene or substituted (e.g.substituted with a substituent group, size-limited substituent group orlower substituent group) or unsubstituted heteroarylene. In embodiments,the cyclic moiety is a substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituentgroup, size-limited substituent group or lower substituent group) orunsubstituted ribose (e.g., a nucleoside). In embodiments, the cyclicmoiety serves as a branch point of the linker thereby forming a branchedlinker. The cyclic moiety branch point may be used to attach additionalfunctional moieties to the conjugates provided herein, such asdetectable moieties, drug moieties or biomolecule. As explained in moredetail below, the additional functional moieties may be connected usingclick chemistry techniques as known in the art.

For example, the linker may have the structure below, where the linkerconnects with the 3′ phosphate of the guanine on one end and the 5′phosphate of the thymidine on the other end:

In embodiments, the guanidine above is connected to the nucleic acidsequence (CpG-ODN), and the thymidine is connected to an anti-miR ormiRNA-mimic sequence.

In embodiments, the linker may include a moiety selected from an azidegroup, a protected amino group, N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) group, and aprotected sulfhydryl group.

In embodiments, the linker may include a protected sulfhydryl group thatis conjugated to a moiety selected from the group consisting of divinylsulfone derivative, acryloyl derivative, and/or maleimido derivative. Inembodiments, the acryloyl derivative is acryloyl chloride.

In embodiments, linker may be conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG) orbisphosphonate moiety.

In embodiments, linker may include an unsubstituted C₃ heteroalkylene.

In embodiments, linker may include an unsubstituted C₆ to C₁₂heteroalkylene.

In embodiments, the linker may be substituted with a reactive group(e.g. a click chemistry reactive group) or a protected reactive group.The reactive group may be used to conjugate the CpG-ODN to an anti-miRor miRNA-mimic and/or to an additional functional moiety as describedherein, such as a detectable moiety or biomolecule (e.g. a targetingmoiety).

Thus, the linker may include further modification, conjugation, orattachment of additional moieties.

The reactive group used to conjugate the CpG-ODN to an anti-miR ormiRNA-mimic compound to an additional functional moiety may be anyapplicable reactive group useful in bioconjugate chemistry. SeeHermanson, Bioconjugate Techniques 1996, Academic Press, Inc., SanDiego.

In embodiments, the reactive group is a click chemistry reactive group.Click chemistry refers to a group of reactions that are fast, simple touse, easy to purify, versatile, regiospecific, and give high productyields. Four different click reactions are possible: (1)Cycloadditions—these primarily refer to 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, butalso include hetero-Diels-Alder cycloadditions; (2) Nucleophilicring-openings—these refer to the opening of strained heterocyclicelectrophiles, such as aziridines, epoxides, cyclic sulfates,aziridinium ions, episulfonium ions; (3) carbonyl chemistry of thenon-aldol type—examples include the formations of ureas, thioureas,hydrazones, oxime ethers, amides, aromatic heterocycles; (4) additionsof carbon-carbon multiple bonds—examples include epoxidations,aziridinations, dihydrooxylations, sulfenyl halide additions, nitrosylhalide additions, and certain Michael additions. In embodiments, theclick reaction used may be Cu′-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolarcycloaddition (HDC) of azides or terminal alkynes to form1,2,3-triazoles. In embodiments, the click reaction may be a copper-freereaction.

In embodiments, the click chemistry reactive group is or includes anazide groups, an alkene group, an amino groups, an N-hydroxysuccinimidegroup, a sulfhydryl group, a divinyl sulfone derivative, or a maleimidoderivative. Thus, in embodiments, the linker is substituted with areactive group (e.g. a click chemistry reactive group) or a protectedreactive group, including, for example, a protected amino group or aN-hydroxysuccinimide group, suitable for conjugation byN-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) chemistry; a sulfhydryl group that may beconjugated with divinyl sulfone; a protected sulfhydryl group, which maybe conjugated with 1-alkyl-3-methylacryloyl (acryloyl) chloride oracryloyl derivatives; a protected sulfhydryl group, which may beconjugated with maleimido derivatives.

Provided below is a structural example of a cyclo-heteroalkylenebranched linker:

As shown above, a cyclo-heteroalkylene branched linker connects with the3′ phosphate of the guanine on one end and the 5′ phosphate of thethymidine on the other end. The moiety of the cyclo-heteroalkylenebranched linker is a branch point and is a 5-substituted thymidine. Thethymidine is substitued in position 5 with a reactive group containingan NHS moiety, which can serve as a reactive group to connect to anadditional fucntional moiety

As set forth above, the reactive group may be used to conjugate theCpG-ODN to an anti-miR or miRNA mimic nucleic acid sequence and/or to anadditional functional moiety such as a detectable moiety, therapeuticmoiety (e.g., drug moiety), targeting moiety or biomolecule. Additionalfunctional moieties include a fluorescent label, a targeting compound(bone targeting bisphosphonates), a drug, or an antibody. Inembodiments, additional moiety is a chemically reactive moiety,detectable moiety, therapeutic moiety (e.g. anti-cancer agent oranti-viral agent), nucleic acid sequence, DNA sequence, or nucleic acidanalogs. In embodiments, the detectable moiety is a fluorescent dye,electron-dense reagent, enzyme, biotin, digoxigenin, paramagneticmolecule, paramagnetic nanoparticle, contrast agent, magnetic resonancecontrast agent, X-ray contrast agent, Gadolinium, radioisotope,radionuclide, fluorodeoxyglucose, gamma ray emitting radionuclide,positron-emitting radionuclide, biocolloid, microbubble, iodinatedcontrast agent, barium sulfate, thorium dioxide, gold, goldnanoparticle, gold nanoparticle aggregate, fluorophore, two-photonfluorophore, hapten, protein, or fluorescent moiety. In embodiments, anadditional moiety is a therapeutic moiety (e.g. anti-cancer agent oranti-viral agent).

A linker may be a bond, nucleic acid sequence, two nucleic acidsequences, DNA sequence, two DNA sequences, nucleic acid analogsequence, substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituent group,size-limited substituent group or lower substituent group) orunsubstituted alkylene, substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituentgroup, size-limited substituent group or lower substituent group) orunsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted (e.g. substituted with asubstituent group, size-limited substituent group or lower substituentgroup) or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted (e.g. substitutedwith a substituent group, size-limited substituent group or lowersubstituent group) or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted(e.g. substituted with a substituent group, size-limited substituentgroup or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted arylene, orsubstituted (e.g. substituted with a substituent group, size-limitedsubstituent group or lower substituent group) or unsubstitutedheteroarylene.

In embodiments, anti-miR and miRNA mimics may include modifications suchas 2′ O-Methyl, 2′-deoxy-2′fluoro, 2′-deoxy, a universal base,5-C-methyl, an inverted deoxy abasic residue incorporation, or a lockednucleic acid, or any combination(s) thereof. In embodiments, theanti-miR and miRNA mimics may have a modification positioned at theterminal nucleobase of the anti-miR and miRNA mimics. In embodiments,the anti-miR and miRNA mimics may not have a modification positioned atthe terminal nucleobase of the anti-miR and miRNA mimics. Inembodiments, the modification of the anti-miR and miRNA mimics protectsthe compound against serum-derived nucleases (e.g. is nucleaseresistant).

In embodiments, the (CpG-ODN) conjugated to an anti-miR or miRNA mimichas a terminal moiety. A terminal moiety is a chemically reactivemoiety, detectable moiety, therapeutic moiety (e.g. anti-cancer agent oranti-viral agent), nucleic acid sequence, DNA sequence, substituted(e.g. substituted with a substituent group, size-limited substituentgroup or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted(e.g. substituted with a substituent group, size-limited substituentgroup or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted heteroalkyl,substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituent group, size-limitedsubstituent group or lower substituent group) or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituent group,size-limited substituent group or lower substituent group) orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted (e.g. substituted with asubstituent group, size-limited substituent group or lower substituentgroup) or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted (e.g. substituted with asubstituent group, size-limited substituent group or lower substituentgroup) or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, a terminal moiety is a chemically reactive moiety,detectable moiety, therapeutic moiety (e.g. anti-cancer agent oranti-viral agent), nucleic acid sequence, DNA sequence, nucleic acidanalogs, R¹-substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R¹-substituted orunsubstituted heteroalkyl, R¹-substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl,R¹-substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R¹-substituted orunsubstituted aryl, or R¹-substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In embodiments, a CpG-ODN nucleic acid sequence conjugated to ananti-miR or miRNA-mimic conjugates includes a terminal moiety, whereinthe terminal moiety is a detectable moiety. In embodiments, the CpG-ODNconjugated to an anti-miR or miRNA-mimic includes a terminal detectablemoiety such as, a fluorescent dye, electron-dense reagent, enzyme,biotin, digoxigenin, paramagnetic molecule, paramagnetic nanoparticle,contrast agent, magnetic resonance contrast agent, X-ray contrast agent,Gadolinium, radioisotope, radionuclide, fluorodeoxyglucose, gamma rayemitting radionuclide, positron-emitting radionuclide, biocolloid,microbubble, iodinated contrast agent, barium sulfate, thorium dioxide,gold, gold nanoparticle, gold nanoparticle aggregate, fluorophore,two-photon fluorophore, hapten, protein, or fluorescent moiety. Inembodiments, the CpG-ODN conjugated to an anti-miR or miRNA-mimicincludes a terminal moiety, which is a therapeutic moiety (e.g.,anti-cancer agent or anti-viral agent).

In embodiments, the CpG-ODN conjugated to an anti-miR or miRNA-mimicincludes a terminal moiety, which is a hydrogen, oxo, halogen, —CN,—CF₃, —NH₂, —OH, —SH, —N₃, substituted (e.g. substituted with asubstituent group, size-limited substituent group or lower substituentgroup) or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted (e.g. substituted with asubstituent group, size-limited substituent group or lower substituentgroup) or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted (e.g. substituted witha substituent group, size-limited substituent group or lower substituentgroup) or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted (e.g. substituted with asubstituent group, size-limited substituent group or lower substituentgroup) or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted (e.g. substitutedwith a substituent group, size-limited substituent group or lowersubstituent group) or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted (e.g.substituted with a substituent group, size-limited substituent group orlower substituent group) or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In embodiments,the CpG-ODN conjugated to an anti-miR or miRNA-mimic includes a terminalmoiety, which is a substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituentgroup, size-limited substituent group or lower substituent group) orunsubstituted C₁-C₄₀ alkyl, substituted (e.g. substituted with asubstituent group, size-limited substituent group or lower substituentgroup) or unsubstituted 2 to 40 membered heteroalkyl, substituted (e.g.substituted with a substituent group, size-limited substituent group orlower substituent group) or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, substituted(e.g. substituted with a substituent group, size-limited substituentgroup or lower substituent group) or unsubstituted 3 to 8 memberedheterocycloalkyl, substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituentgroup, size-limited substituent group or lower substituent group) orunsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or substituted (e.g. substituted with asubstituent group, size-limited substituent group or lower substituentgroup) or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, theCpG-ODN conjugated to an anti-miR or miRNA-mimic includes a terminalmoiety, which is a substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituentgroup, size-limited substituent group or lower substituent group) C₁-C₄₀alkyl, substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituent group,size-limited substituent group or lower substituent group) 2 to 40membered heteroalkyl, substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituentgroup, size-limited substituent group or lower substituent group) C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituent group,size-limited substituent group or lower substituent group) 3 to 8membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted (e.g. substituted with asubstituent group, size-limited substituent group or lower substituentgroup) C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituentgroup, size-limited substituent group or lower substituent group) 5 to10 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, the terminal moiety is anR¹-substituted C₁-C₄₀ alkyl, R¹-substituted 2 to 40 memberedheteroalkyl, R¹-substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, R¹-substituted 3 to 8membered heterocycloalkyl, R¹-substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or R¹-substituted5 to 10 membered heteroaryl. In embodiments, the terminal moiety is anR¹-substituted C₁-C₄₀ alkyl. In embodiments, the terminal moiety is an-(unsubstituted C₁-C₄₀ alkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, the terminal moietyis an -(unsubstituted linear C₁-C₄₀ alkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, theterminal moiety is an -(unsubstituted C₃-C₂₁ alkylene)-R¹. Inembodiments, the terminal moiety is an -(unsubstituted C₃-C₁₈alkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, the terminal moiety is an -(unsubstitutedlinear C₃-C₁₅ alkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, the terminal moiety is an-(unsubstituted linear C₆-C₂₁ alkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, the terminalmoiety is an -(unsubstituted linear C₉-C₂₁ alkylene)-R¹. In embodiments,the terminal moiety is an -(unsubstituted linear C₉-C₁₈ alkylene)-R¹. Inembodiments, the terminal moiety is an -(unsubstituted linear C₉-C₁₅alkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, the terminal moiety is an -(unsubstitutedlinear C₁₂-C₁₅ alkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, the terminal moiety is an-(unsubstituted linear C₁₂ alkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, the terminalmoiety is an -(unsubstituted linear C₁₃ alkylene)-R¹. In embodiments,the terminal moiety is an -(unsubstituted linear C₁₄ alkylene)-R¹. Inembodiments, the terminal moiety is an -(unsubstituted linear C₁₅alkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, the terminal moiety is an R¹-substituted 2to 40 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, the terminal moiety is an-(unsubstituted 2 to 40 membered heteroalkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, theterminal moiety is a -(substituted linear 2 to 40 memberedheteroalkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, the terminal moiety is a-(substituted 5 to 40 membered heteroalkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, theterminal moiety is a -(substituted 10 to 40 membered heteroalkylene)-R¹.In embodiments, the terminal moiety is a -(substituted 15 to 40 memberedheteroalkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, the terminal moiety is a-(substituted 20 to 40 membered heteroalkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, theterminal moiety is a -(substituted 30 to 40 membered heteroalkylene)-R¹.In embodiments, the terminal moiety is a -(substituted 2 to 35 memberedheteroalkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, the terminal moiety is a-(substituted 2 to 30 membered heteroalkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, theterminal moiety is a -(substituted 2 to 25 membered heteroalkylene)-R¹.In embodiments, the terminal moiety is a -(substituted 2 to 20 memberedheteroalkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, the terminal moiety is a-(substituted 2 to 10 membered heteroalkylene)-R¹. In embodiments, theterminal moiety is a -(substituted 2 to 50 membered heteroalkylene)-R¹.In embodiments, the terminal moiety is a -(substituted 2 to 60 memberedheteroalkylene)-R¹.

In embodiments, the CpG-ODN conjugated to an anti-miR or miRNA-mimicincludes a terminal moiety, which is a substituted (e.g. substitutedwith a substituent group, size-limited substituent group or lowersubstituent group) 2 to 40 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, theCpG-ODN conjugated to an anti-miR or miRNA-mimic includes a terminalmoiety, which is a substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituentgroup, size-limited substituent group or lower substituent group) 10 to50 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments, the CpG-ODN conjugated to ananti-miR or miRNA-mimic includes a terminal moiety, which is asubstituted (e.g. substituted with a substituent group, size-limitedsubstituent group or lower substituent group) 20 to 40 memberedheteroalkyl. In embodiments, the CpG-ODN conjugated to an anti-miR ormiRNA-mimic includes a terminal moiety, which is a substituted (e.g.substituted with a substituent group, size-limited substituent group orlower substituent group) 25 to 40 membered heteroalkyl. In embodiments,the CpG-ODN conjugated to an anti-miR or miRNA-mimic includes a terminalmoiety, which is a substituted (e.g. substituted with a substituentgroup, size-limited substituent group or lower substituent group) 30 to40 membered heteroalkyl.

In embodiments, the CpG-ODN conjugated to an anti-miR or miRNA-mimicincludes a terminal moiety with a R¹ group, in which R¹ is a detectablemoiety or a therapeutic moiety. In embodiments, R¹ in the CpG-ODNconjugated to an anti-miR or miRNA-mimic includes a terminal moiety,which is a detectable moiety. In embodiments, R¹ in the CpG-ODNconjugated to an anti-miR or miRNA-mimic includes a detectable moiety,which is a fluorescent dye, electron-dense reagent, enzyme, biotin,digoxigenin, paramagnetic molecule, paramagnetic nanoparticle, contrastagent, magnetic resonance contrast agent, X-ray contrast agent,Gadolinium, radioisotope, radionuclide, fluorodeoxyglucose, gamma rayemitting radionuclide, positron-emitting radionuclide, biocolloid,microbubble, iodinated contrast agent, barium sulfate, thorium dioxide,gold, gold nanoparticle, gold nanoparticle aggregate, fluorophore,two-photon fluorophore, hapten, protein, or fluorescent moiety. Inembodiments, R¹ in the CpG-ODN conjugated to an anti-miR or miRNA-mimicincludes a terminal moiety, which is a therapeutic moiety (e.g.,anti-cancer agent or anti-viral agent). In embodiments, R¹ in theCpG-ODN conjugated to an anti-miR or miRNA-mimic includes a terminalmoiety, which is H. In embodiments, R¹ in the CpG-ODN conjugated to ananti-miR or miRNA-mimic includes an oxo as a terminal moiety. Inembodiments, R¹ in the CpG-ODN conjugated to an anti-miR or miRNA-mimicincludes oxygen as a terminal moiety. In embodiments, R¹ in the CpG-ODNconjugated to an anti-miR or miRNA-mimic includes sulfur as a terminalmoiety. In embodiments, R¹ in the CpG-ODN conjugated to an anti-miR ormiRNA-mimic includes ═S as a terminal moiety.

In embodiments, the CpG-ODN nucleic acid sequence of the compoundincludes unmethylated CpG motif (e.g., a CpG nucleic acid sequence or aGpC nucleic acid sequence). In embodiments, the CpG-ODN nucleic acidsequence includes a Class A CpG nucleic acid sequence, a Class B CpGnucleic acid sequence, or a Class C CpG nucleic acid sequence.

In embodiments, the compound includes CpG-ODN, in which C and G arenucleotides connected by a phosphodiester internucleotide linkage. Inembodiments, the compound includes CpG, wherein C and G are nucleotidesconnected by a phosphodiester derivative internucleotide linkage. Inembodiments, the CpG motif is unmethylated. In embodiments, C and G areconnected as 5′C-G 3′. In embodiments, C and G are connected as 5′G-C3′.

In embodiments, the compound includes a phosphodiester derivativelinkage (e.g., phosphoramidate, phosphorodiamidate, phosphorothioate,phosphorodithioate, phosphonocarboxylic acids, phosphonocarboxylates,phosphonoacetic acid, phosphonoformic acid, methyl phosphonate, boronphosphonate, or O-methylphosphoroamidite linkages). In embodiments, thecompound includes a plurality of phosphodiester derivative linkages(e.g., phosphoramidate, phosphorodiamidate, phosphorothioate,phosphorodithioate, phosphonocarboxylic acids, phosphonocarboxylates,phosphonoacetic acid, phosphonoformic acid, methyl phosphonate, boronphosphonate, O-methylphosphoroamidite linkages, or combinationsthereof).

In embodiments, the phosphodiester derivative linkage in the compoundmay be phosphoramidate linkage, phosphorodiamidate linkage,phosphorothioate linkage, phosphorodithioate linkage,phosphonocarboxylic acid linkage, phosphonocarboxylate linkage,phosphonoacetic acid linkage, phosphonoformic acid linkage, methylphosphonate linkage, boron phosphonate linkage, orO-methylphosphoroamidite linkage.

In embodiments, one or more of the nucleic acid internucleotide linkagesin the compound is a phosphodiester derivative linkage (e.g.,phosphoramidate, phosphorodiamidate, phosphorothioate,phosphorodithioate, phosphonocarboxylic acids, phosphonocarboxylates,phosphonoacetic acid, phosphonoformic acid, methyl phosphonate, boronphosphonate, or O-methylphosphoroamidite linkages), (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or all internucleotide linkages in the compound arephosphodiester derivative linkages (e.g., phosphoramidate,phosphorodiamidate, phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate,phosphonocarboxylic acids, phosphonocarboxylates, phosphonoacetic acid,phosphonoformic acid, methyl phosphonate, boron phosphonate,O-methylphosphoroamidite linkages, or combinations thereof)).

In embodiments, the compound includes a CpG-ODN linked to an anti-miRtargeting miR-126 or an miRNA-mimic of miR-142. In embodiments, thecompound includes the sequence of SEQ ID NO:6. In embodiments, thecompound is the sequence of SEQ ID NO:6.

Methods of Treating Anemia

In embodiments of any of the methods and uses, the disclosure includestreating a red blood cell disorder (e.g., anemia), by administeringeffective amounts of an anti-miR126 compound. Any of the anti-miR126compounds described in international application PCT/US2016/057143published as WO 2017/066639A1 may be used for the methods providedherein including embodments thereof.

For the methods provided herein the anti-miR126 compounds may beadministered with an effective dose between about 0.001 mg/kg to about100 mg/kg of the agent (e.g., 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3,0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 mg/kg).

In embodiments, an effective dose of an anti-miR126 compound isadministered to a subject in need thereof for treating a disease (e.g.,anemia). The anti-miR suppresses expression/activity of a miR (e.g.,miR126) in a cell, and induces the growth of HSCs and formation of redblood cells.

The anti-miR126 compound may be administered to a subject in needthereof, at a dose between about 0.001 mg/kg to about 0.01 mg/kg of thecompound, between about 0.01 mg/kg to about 0.1 mg/kg of the compound,between about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1.0 mg/kg of the compound, betweenabout 1.0 mg/kg to about 5.0 mg/kg of the compound, between about 5.0mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of the compound, between about 10 mg/kg to about15 mg/kg of the compound, between about 15 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg ofthe compound, between about 20 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg of the compound,between about 25 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg of the compound, between about30 mg/kg to about 35 mg/kg of the compound, between about 35 mg/kg toabout 40 mg/kg of the compound, between about 40 mg/kg to about 45 mg/kgof the compound, between about 45 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg of thecompound, between about 50 mg/kg to about 55 mg/kg of the compound,between about 55 mg/kg to about 60 mg/kg of the compound, between about60 mg/kg to about 65 mg/kg of the compound, between about 65 mg/kg toabout 70 mg/kg of the compound, between about 70 mg/kg to about 75 mg/kgof the compound, between about 75 mg/kg to about 80 mg/kg of thecompound, between about 80 mg/kg to about 85 mg/kg of the compound,between about 85 mg/kg to about 90 mg/kg of the compound, between about90 mg/kg to about 95 mg/kg of the compound, or between about 95 mg/kg toabout 100 mg/kg of the compound.

In embodiments, the present disclosure includes compositions with aneffective dose of an anti-miR126 compound between about 0.1% to about20% w/v of the composition.

For example, the effective dose of the anti-miR126 compound may bebetween about 0.001%-about 0.01%, between about 0.01%-about 0.1%,between about 0.1%-about 1.0%, between about 1.0%-about 2.0%, betweenabout 2.0%-about 3.0%, between about 3.0%-about 4.0%, between about4.0%-about 5.0%, between about 5.0%-about 6.0%, between about 6.0%-about7.0%, between about 7.0%-about 8.0%, between about 8.0%-about 9.0%,between about 9.0%-about 10%, between about 10%-about 11%, between about11%-about 12%, between about 12%-about 13%, between about 13%-about 14%,between about 14%-about 15%, between about 15%-about 16%, between about16%-about 17%, between about 17%-about 18%, between about 18%-about 19%,or between about 19%-about 20% w/v of the composition.

Methods of Treating Cancer

As described above, inhibition of BCR-ABL by TKI treatment causes anundesired increase in endogenous miR-126 levels, thereby enhancing LSCquiescence and persistence. miR-126 KO in LSCs and/or ECs, or treatmentwith a CpG-miR-126 inhibitor targeting miR-126 in both LSCs and ECs,enhances the in vivo anti-leukemic effects of TKI treatment and stronglydiminishes LSC leukemia-initiating capacity, providing a new strategyfor the elimination of LSCs in CML. Applicants are the first to showthat the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., BCR-ABL) used totreat cancer (e.g., CML) can be enhanced by concurrent targeting ofmiR-126.

Thus, in an aspect is provided a method of treating cancer in a subjectin need thereof, the method including administering to the subject atherapeutically effective amount of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and atherapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126)compound.

In another aspect, is provided a method of treating cancer in a subjectin need thereof, the method including administering to the subject atherapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126)compound, wherein the subject has been treated with a tyrosine kinaseinhibitor prior to the administering a therapeutically effective amountof an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound.

In another aspect, is provided a method of treating cancer in a subjectundergoing cancer treatment, the method including administering to thesubject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126(miR126) compound.

In another aspect, is provided a method of treating a chemoresistantcancer in a subject in need thereof, the method including administeringto the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126(miR126) compound. In embodiments, the subject has been treated with atyrosine kinase inhibitor prior to said administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound.

In embodiments, the subject has a relapsed cancer. In embodiments, thesubject has been treated with asatinib, sunitinib, erlotinib,bevacizumab, vatalanib, vemurafenib, vandetanib, cabozantinib, poatinib,axitinib, ruxolitinib, regorafenib, crizotinib, bosutinib, cetuximab,gefitinib, imatinib, lapatinib, lenvatinib, mubritinib, panitumumab,pazopanib, trastuzumab or sorafenib.

For the methods provided herein (e.g., methods of treating anemia,methods of treating cancer) the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound maybe any anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound provided herein includingembodiments thereof. In embodiments, the anti-microRNA126 (miR126)compound is an anti-miR126 nucleic acid. In embodiments, theanti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound includes the sequence of SEQ ID NO:6.In embodiments, the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound is the sequenceof SEQ ID NO:6. In embodiments, the anti-miR126 nucleic acid includesthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:6. In embodiments, the anti-miR126 nucleicacid is the sequence of SEQ ID NO:6. Any of the anti-miR126 compoundsdescribed in international application PCT/US2016/057143 published as WO2017/066639A1 may be used for the methods provided herein includingembodments thereof.

In embodiments, the method includes prior to the administering atherapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126)compound, detecting a level of miR126 in the subject. In embodiments,the method includes prior to the administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound, selecting asubject expressing an increased level of miR126 relative to a standardcontrol.

In embodiments, the cancer is a hematopoietic cell cancer. Inembodiments, the cancer is not a hematopoietic cell cancer. Inembodiments, the cancer is myeloma or acute myeloid leukemia. Inembodiments, the cancer is prostate cancer, breast cancer, glioblastoma,ovarian cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer,skin cancer, melanoma, brain cancer, colorectal cancer, lymphoma, ormyeloma, pancreatic cancer, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), ormyelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). In embodiments, the cancer is myeloma.In embodiments, the cancer is acute myeloid leukemia. In embodiments,the cancer is prostate cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is breastcancer. In embodiments, the cancer is glioblastoma. In embodiments, thecancer is ovarian cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is lung cancer. Inembodiments, the cancer is head and neck cancer. In embodiments, thecancer is esophageal cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is skin cancer.In embodiments, the cancer is melanoma. In embodiments, the cancer isbrain cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is colorectal cancer. Inembodiments, the cancer is lymphoma. In embodiments, the cancer ispancreatic cancer. In embodiments, the cancer is chronic myeloidleukemia (CML). In embodiments, the cancer is myelodysplastic syndromes(MDS).

A “tyrosine kinase inhibitor” or “TKI inhibitor” as referred to hereinis a substance capable of detectably decreasing the expression oractivity of a given tyrosine kinase (e.g., ABL). The TKI inhibitor candecrease expression or activity of a tyrosine kinase 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%,50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more in comparison to a control in theabsence of the TKI inhibitor. In certain instances, expression oractivity of the tyrosine kinase is 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold,5-fold, 10-fold or lower than the expression or activity in the absenceof the TKI inhibitor.

As defined herein, the term “inhibition”, “inhibit”, “inhibiting” andthe like in reference to a tyrosine kinase inhibitor means negativelyaffecting (e.g. decreasing) the activity or function of a tyrosinekinase relative to the activity or function of the tyrosine kinase inthe absence of the inhibitor. In embodiments inhibition means negativelyaffecting (e.g. decreasing) the concentration or levels of the tyrosinekinase relative to the concentration or level of the tyrosine kinase inthe absence of the inhibitor. In embodiments, inhibition refers toreduction of a disease or symptoms of disease (e.g., leukemia). Inembodiments, inhibition refers to a reduction in the activity of aparticular tyrosine kinase. Thus, inhibition includes, at least in part,partially or totally blocking stimulation, decreasing, preventing, ordelaying activation, or inactivating, desensitizing, or down-regulatingsignal transduction or enzymatic activity or the amount of a tyrosinekinase. In embodiments, inhibition refers to a reduction of activity ofa tyrosine kinase resulting from a direct interaction (e.g. an inhibitorbinds to the tyrosine kinase). In embodiments, inhibition refers to areduction of activity of a tyrosine kinase from an indirect interaction(e.g. an inhibitor binds to a protein that activates the tyrosinekinase, thereby preventing tyrosine kinase activation).

In embodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is a multi-kinaseinhibitor. In embodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is dasatinib.In embodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is sunitinib. Inembodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is erlotinib. In embodiments,the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is bevacizumab. In embodiments, thetyrosine kinase inhibitor is vatalanib. In embodiments, the tyrosinekinase inhibitor is vemurafenib. In embodiments, the tyrosine kinaseinhibitor is vandetanib. In embodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitoris cabozantinib. In embodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor ispoatinib. In embodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is axitinib. Inembodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is ruxolitinib. Inembodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is regorafenib. Inembodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is crizotinib. Inembodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is bosutinib. In embodiments,the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is cetuximab. In embodiments, the tyrosinekinase inhibitor is gefitinib. In embodiments, the tyrosine kinaseinhibitor is imatinib. In embodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor islapatinib. In embodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is lenvatinib.In embodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is mubritinib. Inembodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is panitumumab. Inembodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is pazopanib. In embodiments,the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is trastuzumab. In embodiments, thetyrosine kinase inhibitor is or sorafenib.

In embodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is dasatinib, sunitinib,erlotinib, bevacizumab, vatalanib, vemurafenib, vandetanib,cabozantinib, poatinib, axitinib, ruxolitinib, regorafenib, crizotinib,bosutinib, cetuximab, gefitinib, imatinib, lapatinib, lenvatinib,mubritinib, nilotinib, panitumumab, pazopanib, trastuzumab, orsorafenib. In embodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is dasatinib,bevacizumab, vatalanib, vemurafenib, vandetanib, cabozantinib, poatinib,axitinib, ruxolitinib, regorafenib, crizotinib, bosutinib, lapatinib,lenvatinib, mubritinib, nilotinib, panitumumab, or pazopanib.

The terms asatinib, sunitinib, erlotinib, bevacizumab, vatalanib,vemurafenib, vandetanib, cabozantinib, poatinib, axitinib, ruxolitinib,regorafenib, crizotinib, bosutinib, cetuximab, gefitinib, imatinib,lapatinib, lenvatinib, mubritinib, nilotinib, panitumumab, pazopanib,trastuzumab and sorafenib, refer in the usual and customary sense, tothe compounds listed in the CAS registry under that term. For example,mubritinib refers in the usual and customary sense to the compoundidentified by CAS registry number 366017-09-6.

In embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of dasatinib and atherapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126)compound (e.g., an anti-miR126 nucleic acid) is administered. Inembodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of sunitinib and atherapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126)compound is administered. In embodiments, a therapeutically effectiveamount of erlotinib and a therapeutically effective amount of ananti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound is administered. In embodiments, atherapeutically effective amount of bevacizumab and a therapeuticallyeffective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound isadministered. In embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount ofvatalanib and a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126(miR126) compound is administered. In embodiments, a therapeuticallyeffective amount of vemurafenib and a therapeutically effective amountof an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound is administered. Inembodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of vandetanib and atherapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126)compound is administered. In embodiments, a therapeutically effectiveamount of cabozantinib and a therapeutically effective amount of ananti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound is administered. In embodiments, atherapeutically effective amount of poatinib and a therapeuticallyeffective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound isadministered. In embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount ofaxitinib and a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126(miR126) compound is administered. In embodiments, a therapeuticallyeffective amount of ruxolitinib and a therapeutically effective amountof an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound is administered. Inembodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of regorafenib and atherapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126)compound is administered.

In embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of crizotinib and atherapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126)compound is administered. In embodiments, a therapeutically effectiveamount of bosutinib and a therapeutically effective amount of ananti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound is administered. In embodiments, atherapeutically effective amount of cetuximab and a therapeuticallyeffective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound isadministered. In embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount ofgefitinib and a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126(miR126) compound is administered. In embodiments, a therapeuticallyeffective amount of imatinib and a therapeutically effective amount ofan anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound is administered. In embodiments, atherapeutically effective amount of lapatinib and a therapeuticallyeffective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound isadministered. In embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount oflenvatinib and a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126(miR126) compound is administered. In embodiments, a therapeuticallyeffective amount of mubritinib and a therapeutically effective amount ofan anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound is administered. In embodiments, atherapeutically effective amount of panitumumab and a therapeuticallyeffective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound isadministered. In embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount ofpazopanib and a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126(miR126) compound is administered. In embodiments, a therapeuticallyeffective amount of trastuzumab and a therapeutically effective amountof an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound is administered. Inembodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of sorafenib and atherapeutically effective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126)compound is administered. In embodiments, the anti-microRNA126 (miR126)compound is an anti-miR126 nucleic acid. In further embodiments, theanti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound includes the sequence of SEQ ID NO:6.In other further embodiments, the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound isthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:6.

In embodiments, the compound and the inhibitor are administered to thesubject by intravenous, parenteral, subcutaneous, intramuscular,transdermal, intraperitoneal, intranasal, aerosol, oral, or topicaladministration. In embodiments, the compound is administered at about0.001 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg. In embodiments, the cancer is a relapsedcancer after chemotherapy. In embodiments, the relapsed cancer ischemotherapy resistant.

In embodiments, the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound and the tyrosinekinase inhibitor are administered in a combined synergistic amount. A“combined synergistic amount” as used herein refers to the sum of afirst amount (e.g., an amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound)and a second amount (e.g., an amount of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor)that results in a synergistic effect (i.e. an effect greater than anadditive effect). Therefore, the terms “synergy”, “synergism”,“synergistic”, “combined synergistic amount”, and “synergistictherapeutic effect” which are used herein interchangeably, refer to ameasured effect of compounds administered in combination where themeasured effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects ofeach of the compounds administered alone as a single agent.

In embodiments, a synergistic amount may be about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4,0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8,1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2,3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6,4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0,6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4,7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8.0, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8,8.9, 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 10.0, 11, 12, 13,14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% of the amountof the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound when used separately from thetyrosine kinase inhibitor. In embodiments, a synergistic amount may beabout 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3,1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7,2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1,4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5,5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9,7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8.0, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3,8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7,9.8, 9.9, 10.0, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78,79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,97, 98, or 99% of the amount of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor when usedseparately from the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound.

The synergistic effect may be a miR126 activity decreasing effect and/ora tyrosine kinase activity decreasing effect. In embodiments, synergybetween the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound and the tyrosine kinaseinhibitor may result in about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8,0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2,2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6,3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0,5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4,6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8,7.9, 8.0, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 9.0, 9.1, 9.2,9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 10.0, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36,37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% greater decrease (e.g.,decrease of miR126 activity or decrease of tyrosine kinase activity)than the sum of the decrease of the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compoundor the tyrosine kinase inhibitor when used individually and separately.In embodiments, synergy between the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compoundand the tyrosine kinase inhibitor may result in 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5,0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9,2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3,3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7,4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 6.0, 6.1,6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5,7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 8.0, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9,9.0, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 10.0, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68,69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% greaterinhibition of miR126 and/or the tyrosine kinase than the sum of theinhibition of the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound or the tyrosinekinase inhibitor when used individually and separately.

The synergistic effect may be a cancer-treating effect such as a myeloma(i.e. a myeloma-treating synergistic effect), acute myeloid leukemia(i.e. an acute myeloid leukemia-treating synergistic effect), prostatecancer (i.e. a prostate cancer-treating synergistic effect), breastcancer (i.e. a breast cancer-treating synergistic effect), glioblastoma(i.e. a glioblastoma-treating synergistic effect), ovarian cancer (i.e.an ovarian cancer-treating synergistic effect), lung cancer (i.e. a lungcancer-treating synergistic effect), head and neck cancer (i.e. a headand neck cancer-treating synergistic effect), esophageal cancer (i.e. aesophageal cancer-treating synergistic effect), skin cancer (i.e. a skincancer-treating synergistic effect), melanoma (i.e. a melanoma-treatingsynergistic effect), brain cancer (i.e. a brain cancer-treatingsynergistic effect), colorectal cancer (i.e. a colorectalcancer-treating synergistic effect), lymphoma (i.e. a lymphoma-treatingsynergistic effect), pancreatic cancer (i.e. a pancreaticcancer-treating synergistic effect), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)(i.e. a CML-treating synergistic effect), or myelodysplastic syndromes(MDS) (i.e. a MDS-treating synergistic effect) treating effect.

The anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound and the tyrosine kinase inhibitormay be administered in combination either simultaneously (e.g., as amixture), separately but simultaneously (e.g., via separate intravenouslines) or sequentially (e.g., one agent is administered first followedby administration of the second agent). Thus, the term combination isused to refer to concomitant, simultaneous or sequential administrationof the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound and the tyrosine kinaseinhibitor.

In embodiments, the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound and the tyrosinekinase inhibitor are administered simultaneously or sequentially. Inembodiments, the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound and the tyrosinekinase inhibitor are administered simultaneously. In embodiments, theanti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor areadministered sequentially. During the course of treatment theanti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound and tyrosine kinase inhibitor may attimes be administered sequentially and at other times be administeredsimultaneously.

In embodiments, where the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound and thetyrosine kinase inhibitor are administered sequentially, the tyrosinekinase inhibitor is administered at a first time point and theanti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound is administered at a second timepoint, wherein the first time point precedes the second time point.Alternatively, in embodiments, where the anti-microRNA126 (miR126)compound and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor are administeredsequentially, the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound is administered ata first time point and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is administered ata second time point, wherein the first time point precedes the secondtime point.

The course of treatment is best determined on an individual basisdepending on the particular characteristics of the subject and the typeof treatment selected. The treatment, such as those disclosed herein,can be administered to the subject on a daily, twice daily, bi-weekly,monthly or any applicable basis that is therapeutically effective. Thetreatment can be administered alone or in combination with any othertreatment disclosed herein or known in the art. The additional treatmentcan be administered simultaneously with the first treatment, at adifferent time, or on an entirely different therapeutic schedule (e.g.,the first treatment can be daily, while the additional treatment isweekly).

In instances where the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound and tyrosinekinase inhibitor are administered simultaneously, the anti-microRNA126(miR126) compound and tyrosine kinase inhibitor may be administered as amixture. Thus, in embodiments, the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compoundand the tyrosine kinase inhibitor are admixed prior to administration.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The compositions including an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound and atyrosine kinase inhibitor as provided herein, including embodimentsthereof, are further contemplated as pharmaceutical compositions. Thus,in an aspect, a pharmaceutical composition including a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient, an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound and atyrosine kinase inhibitor is provided. The anti-microRNA126 (miR126)compound may be any of the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compounds providedherein and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor may be any of the tyrosinekinase inhbitors providd herein. In embodiments, the tyrosine kinaseinhibitor is dasatinib, bevacizumab, vatalanib, vemurafenib, vandetanib,cabozantinib, poatinib, axitinib, ruxolitinib, regorafenib, crizotinib,bosutinib, lapatinib, lenvatinib, mubritinib, nilotinib, panitumumab, orpazopanib.

The anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound and tyrosine kinase inhibitorincluded in the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be anyone of the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compounds or tyrosine kinaseinhibitors described herein including embodiments thereof. For example,the anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound may be an anti-miR126 nucleicacid. In embodiments, the anti-miR126 nucleic acid includes the sequenceof SEQ ID NO:6 and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor may be dasatinib,bevacizumab, vatalanib, vemurafenib, vandetanib, cabozantinib, poatinib,axitinib, ruxolitinib, regorafenib, crizotinib, bosutinib, lapatinib,lenvatinib, mubritinib, nilotinib, panitumumab, or pazopanib.

The provided compositions are, inter alia, suitable for formulation andadministration in vitro or in vivo. Suitable carriers and excipients andtheir formulations are described in Remington: The Science and Practiceof Pharmacy, 21st Edition, David B. Troy, ed., Lippicott Williams &Wilkins (2005). By pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is meant amaterial that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., thematerial is administered to a subject without causing undesirablebiological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with the othercomponents of the pharmaceutical composition in which it is contained.If administered to a subject, the carrier is optionally selected tominimize degradation of the active ingredient and to minimize adverseside effects in the subject.

Pharmaceutical compositions provided herein include compositions whereinthe active ingredient (e.g. compositions described herein, includingembodiments or examples) is contained in a therapeutically effectiveamount, i.e., in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose.The actual amount effective for a particular application will depend,inter alia, on the condition being treated. When administered in methodsto treat a disease, the recombinant proteins described herein willcontain an amount of active ingredient effective to achieve the desiredresult, e.g., modulating the activity of a target molecule, and/orreducing, eliminating, or slowing the progression of disease symptoms.Determination of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of theinvention is well within the capabilities of those skilled in the art,especially in light of the detailed disclosure herein.

Provided compositions can include a single agent or more than one agent.The compositions for administration will commonly include an agent asdescribed herein dissolved in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,preferably an aqueous carrier. A variety of aqueous carriers can beused, e.g., buffered saline and the like. These solutions are sterileand generally free of undesirable matter. These compositions may besterilized by conventional, well known sterilization techniques. Thecompositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliarysubstances as required to approximate physiological conditions such aspH adjusting and buffering agents, toxicity adjusting agents and thelike, for example, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride,calcium chloride, sodium lactate and the like. The concentration ofactive agent in these formulations can vary widely, and will be selectedprimarily based on fluid volumes, viscosities, body weight and the likein accordance with the particular mode of administration selected andthe subject's needs.

Solutions of the active compounds as free base or pharmacologicallyacceptable salt can be prepared in water suitably mixed with asurfactant, such as hydroxypropylcellulose. Dispersions can also beprepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereofand in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, thesepreparations can contain a preservative to prevent the growth ofmicroorganisms.

Pharmaceutical compositions can be delivered via intranasal or inhalablesolutions or sprays, aerosols or inhalants. Nasal solutions can beaqueous solutions designed to be administered to the nasal passages indrops or sprays. Nasal solutions can be prepared so that they aresimilar in many respects to nasal secretions. Thus, the aqueous nasalsolutions usually are isotonic and slightly buffered to maintain a pH of5.5 to 6.5. In addition, antimicrobial preservatives, similar to thoseused in ophthalmic preparations and appropriate drug stabilizers, ifrequired, may be included in the formulation. Various commercial nasalpreparations are known and can include, for example, antibiotics andantihistamines.

Oral formulations can include excipients as, for example, pharmaceuticalgrades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodiumsaccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate and the like. Thesecompositions take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills,capsules, sustained release formulations or powders. In someembodiments, oral pharmaceutical compositions will comprise an inertdiluent or assimilable edible carrier, or they may be enclosed in hardor soft shell gelatin capsule, or they may be compressed into tablets,or they may be incorporated directly with the food of the diet. For oraltherapeutic administration, the active compounds may be incorporatedwith excipients and used in the form of ingestible tablets, buccaltablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, andthe like. Such compositions and preparations should contain at least0.1% of active compound. The percentage of the compositions andpreparations may, of course, be varied and may conveniently be betweenabout 2 to about 75% of the weight of the unit, or preferably between25-60%. The amount of active compounds in such compositions is such thata suitable dosage can be obtained.

For parenteral administration in an aqueous solution, for example, thesolution should be suitably buffered and the liquid diluent firstrendered isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose. Aqueous solutions,in particular, sterile aqueous media, are especially suitable forintravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intraperitonealadministration. For example, one dosage could be dissolved in 1 ml ofisotonic NaCl solution and either added to 1000 ml of hypodermoclysisfluid or injected at the proposed site of infusion.

Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the activecompounds or constructs in the required amount in the appropriatesolvent followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions areprepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients intoa sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium.Vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques, which yield a powder of theactive ingredient plus any additional desired ingredients, can be usedto prepare sterile powders for reconstitution of sterile injectablesolutions. The preparation of more, or highly, concentrated solutionsfor direct injection is also contemplated. DMSO can be used as solventfor extremely rapid penetration, delivering high concentrations of theactive agents to a small area.

The formulations of compounds can be presented in unit-dose ormulti-dose sealed containers, such as ampules and vials. Thus, thecomposition can be in unit dosage form. In such form the preparation issubdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of theactive component. Thus, the compositions can be administered in avariety of unit dosage forms depending upon the method ofadministration. For example, unit dosage forms suitable for oraladministration include, but are not limited to, powder, tablets, pills,capsules and lozenges.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” and “pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier” refer to a substance that aids the administration of an activeagent to and absorption by a subject and can be included in thecompositions of the present invention without causing a significantadverse toxicological effect on the patient. Non-limiting examples ofpharmaceutically acceptable excipients include water, NaCl, normalsaline solutions, lactated Ringer's, normal sucrose, normal glucose,binders, fillers, disintegrants, lubricants, coatings, sweeteners,flavors, salt solutions (such as Ringer's solution), alcohols, oils,gelatins, carbohydrates such as lactose, amylose or starch, fatty acidesters, hydroxymethycellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, and colors, andthe like. Such preparations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixedwith auxiliary agents such as lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers,wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure,buffers, coloring, and/or aromatic substances and the like that do notdeleteriously react with the compounds of the invention. One of skill inthe art will recognize that other pharmaceutical excipients are usefulin the present invention.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to salts derived froma variety of organic and inorganic counter ions well known in the artand include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium,magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, and the like; and when themolecule contains a basic functionality, salts of organic or inorganicacids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate,maleate, oxalate and the like.

The term “preparation” is intended to include the formulation of theactive compound with encapsulating material as a carrier providing acapsule in which the active component with or without other carriers, issurrounded by a carrier, which is thus in association with it.Similarly, cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders,capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges can be used as solid dosage formssuitable for oral administration.

EXAMPLES

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) stem cells (LSCs) are responsible forinitiating and maintaining clonal hematopoiesis. These cells persist inthe bone marrow (BM) despite effective inhibition of BCR-ABL kinaseactivity by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Here, we show thatalthough miR-126 supports the quiescence, self-renewal and engraftmentcapacity of CML LSCs, miR-126 levels are lower in CML LSCs as comparedto normal long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs). Down-regulationof miR-126 levels in CML LSCs is due to phosphorylation of SPRED1 byBCR-ABL, leading to inhibition of the RAN/EXP-5/RCC1 complex thatmediates miRNA maturation. Endothelial cells (ECs) in the BM supplymiR-126 to CML LSCs to support quiescence and leukemia growth, as shownusing CML mouse models with conditional miR-126 knock-out (KO) in ECsand/or LSCs. Inhibition of BCR-ABL by TKI treatment causes an undesiredincrease in endogenous miR-126 levels, thereby enhancing LSC quiescenceand persistence. miR-126 KO in LSCs and/or ECs, or treatment with aCpG-miR-126 inhibitor targeting miR-126 in both LSCs and ECs, enhancesthe in vivo anti-leukemic effects of TKI treatment and stronglydiminishes LSC leukemia-initiating capacity, providing a new strategyfor the elimination of LSCs in CML.

In chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), miR-126 is needed to maintain thequiescence and leukemogenic capacity of leukemia stem cells (LSCs).However, BCR-ABL inhibits miR-126 maturation in these stem cells, suchthat they depend on trafficking of miR-126 from endothelial cells in thebone marrow. Because BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors used to treatCML have the undesired effect of raising miR-126 levels therebypreserving LSCs, the efficacy of this treatment in mice can be enhancedby concurrent targeting of miR-126.

Example 1: Bone Marrow Niche Trafficking of miR-126 ControlsSelf-Renewal of Leukemia Stem Cells in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Higher miR-126 Levels are Associated with Human and Mouse CML LSCs.

miR-126 has been shown to contribute to leukemogenesis in acuteleukemia^(6,11,12.) To determine miR-126 expression in CIVIL cellsubpopulations, we sorted immunophenotypically defined subsets of HPCs[Lin-CD34+(CD34+) and Lin-CD34+CD38+(CD38+)], HSCs [Lin-CD34+CD38−(CD38−) and Lin-CD34+CD38−CD90− (CD90−)] and LT-HSCs[Lin-CD34+CD38−CD90+(CD90+)] from peripheral blood (PB) and BM samplesof normal donors (n=12) and newly diagnosed chronic phase (CP) CMLpatients (n=12). LT-HSCs in both normal and CML samples showed thehighest expression of miR-126 (FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B). Similar resultswere obtained in wild-type (WT) B6 and inducible SCLtTA/BCR-ABLtransgenic B6 mice, a well-established CML mouse model¹³. We isolatedLin-Sca-1-c-Kit-(L-S-K-), Lin-Sca-1-c-Kit+(L-S-K+) [including commonmyeloid progenitors (CMP), granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMP) andmegakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors (MEP)], Lin-Sca-1+c-Kit+(LSK) andLSK Flt3-CD150+CD48− (LT-HSC) cells from the BM of WT mice and CML miceafter BCR-ABL induction by tetracycline withdrawal (FIG. 7a ). As in thehuman samples, mouse normal and CIVIL LT-HSCs showed the highestexpression of miR-126 (FIG. 1C and FIG. 1D).

To test the effects of miR-126 on quiescence of CML LSCs, we knockeddown miR-126 expression in human CML Lin-CD34+CD38− cells (HSCs) andmouse CML LT-HSCs using GFP-expressing miRZip anti-miR-126 (miR-126 KD)or miR-126 precursor (overexpression, OE) lentiviral vectors. Aftertransduction, GFP+ cells were selected and cultured for 72 hours (h).miR-126 KD increased cell cycling and apoptosis, decreased the number ofcolony forming cells (CFCs) and CFC replating efficiency of both humanCML HSCs (FIGS. 1E-1I) and mouse CML LT-HSCs (FIGS. 1J-1M); conversely,miR-126 OE decreased cell cycling and apoptosis and increased CFCreplating efficiency. We validated these results in vivo, first byshowing that the quiescent Hoechst-Pyronin-(G0) fraction of CML LT-HSCsfrom induced SCLtTA/BCR-ABL mice (CD45.2) expressed significantly highermiR-126 levels than the proliferating Hoechst+/−Pyronin+ (G1/G2/S/M)fraction of CML LT-HSCs (p=0.0019; FIG. 1N). The association of miR-126with LSC activity was then demonstrated by showing that quiescent CMLLT-HSCs had a significantly higher rate of long-term engraftment andleukemogenic capacity than did proliferating CML LT-HSCs aftertransplantation into CD45.1 congenic recipient mice (FIGS. 1I-1P).

BCR-ABL Down-Regulates miR-126 Expression in CML Cells.

Although miR-126 has similar patterns of expression and function inCIVIL as in normal hematopoiesis⁴, we noted that human CMLLin-CD34+CD38− (HSCs) and Lin-CD34+CD38−CD90+ cells (LT-HSCs) hadsignificantly lower miR-126 levels than their normal counterparts (FIG.2A and FIG. 2B); similar differences were also observed in mouse samples(FIG. 2C). Consistent with this finding, CML HSCs and LT-HSCs expressedhigher levels of PIK3R2 and SPRED1, two validated targets ofmiR-126^(4,7,9,14,15) as compared to their normal counterparts (FIG. 7Band FIG. 7C).

This differential expression of miR-126 observed led us to postulatethat BCR-ABL itself might be involved in lowering miR-126 levels in CMLcells. To test this hypothesis, we transduced normal mouse BM LSK cellswith retroviral BCR-ABL or control vectors, and selected GFP+ cells andcultured them for 72 h. Upon BCR-ABL induction (FIG. 2D), miR-126expression decreased (FIG. 2E) and PIK3R2 and SPRED1 expressionincreased compared to the control cells (FIG. 7D and FIG. 7E); this wasassociated with an increase in cell cycling (FIG. 2F) and cell growth(FIG. 2G). To further validate this finding, we sorted LT-HSCs fromnon-induced BCR-ABL transgenic mice and cultured them with or withouttetracycline. Upon tetracycline withdrawal and BCR-ABL induction (FIG.2H), we observed reduced miR-126 levels (FIG. 2I) and increased cellcycling (FIG. 2J) and cell growth (FIG. 2K) as compared with non-inducedcontrols. Conversely, BCR-ABL inhibition by nilotinib (NIL), afirst-line TKI for CML treatment, led to increased miR-126 expression(FIGS. 2L-2N), decreased PIK3R2 and SPRED1 levels (FIG. 1F and FIG. 1G)and an increased fraction of quiescent cells in human CML HSCs (FIG.2O), but not in normal HSCs (FIG. 7H), as compared with vehicle alone.NIL treatment also resulted in increased miR-126 expression in humanBCR-ABL+K562 cells (FIG. 7I).

BCR-ABL Deregulates miR-126 Biogenesis.

Whereas CML cells harbored lower levels of mature miR-126 than theirnormal counterparts, we noted that BCR-ABL-positive cells had higherlevels of primary (pri-) and precursor (pre-) miR-126 than their normalcounterparts (FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B). This result led us to hypothesizethat BCR-ABL might interfere with miR-126 biogenesis.

miRNA nucleus-to-cytoplasm shuttling and maturation are mediated by aprotein complex comprising the GTP-binding nuclear protein RAN(RAS-related nuclear protein, a member of the RAS superfamily), Exp-5and RCC1¹⁶. After activation via tyrosine phosphorylation, SPRED1 actsas a negative regulator of RAS superfamily proteins″. We thereforepostulated that the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase can phosphorylate SPRED1,allowing SPRED1 to bind RAN, and that this binding interferes withRAN/Exp-5/RCC1-mediated shuttling and maturation of miR-126. Usingimmunofluorescence (IF), immunoprecipitation (IP) and in vitro kinaseactivity assays to analyze BCR-ABL+ primary CD34+ and/or K562 cells, weshowed that SPRED1 co-localized with BCR-ABL to the cytoplasm (FIG. 3C),was directly phosphorylated by BCR-ABL (FIG. 3D and FIG. 14), and formedan intra/perinuclear protein complex with RAN (FIG. 3E, FIG. 3F and FIG.14). NIL treatment reversed these effects, resulting in SPRED1de-phosphorylation (FIG. 3D, FIG. 14), decreased binding andco-localization of SPRED1 with RAN (FIG. 3F), increased formation ofRAN/Exp-5/RCC1 complex (FIGS. 3G-3H, FIG. 14, FIG. 15), decreased pri-and pre-miR-126 levels, and increased mature miR-126 levels (FIG. 3I).Cell washing to remove NIL restored the binding of SPRED1 with RAN,decreased the binding of RAN with Exp-5/RCC1 (FIG. 3j , FIG. 15),increased pri-miR-126 levels (FIG. 3k ) and reduced mature miR-126levels (FIG. 3K and FIG. 3L). Northern blotting confirmed that the ratioof pri- and pre-miR-126 to mature miR-126 levels decreased upon exposureof BCR-ABL+ cells to NIL and increased upon wash-off of NIL (FIG. 3M,FIG. 16). SPRED1 knock-down (KD) by siRNA in BCR-ABL+primary CD34+ andK562 cells enhanced formation of the RAN/Exp-5/RCC1 complex (FIG. 3N,FIG. 15) and resulted in decreased pri- and pre-miR-126 levels (FIG. 3O)and increased mature miR-126 levels (FIG. 3O and FIG. 3P). Conversely,RAN KD by siRNA resulted in increased pri- and pre-miR-126 levels andreduced mature miR-126 levels (FIGS. 3Q-3S, FIG. 16). These resultsindicate that, in CML cells, BCR-ABL-induced SPRED1 phosphorylationinterferes with RAN/Exp-5/RCC1-mediated miR-126 biogenesis and lowersmature miR-126 levels. Given that miR-126 suppresses SPRED1 expression,this BCR-ABL-mediated reduction in miR-126 biogenesis may cause afurther increase in SPRED1 levels, such that higher SPRED1 levels resultin lower mature miR-126 levels (FIG. 7J) and that the endogenous levelsof miR-126 are therefore controlled by its own target (SPRED1) inBCR-ABL+ cells.

Of note, BCR-ABL-dependent deregulation of miRNAs is unlikely to berestricted to down-regulation of miR-126. In fact, comparing LSK cellsfrom non-induced versus induced CML mice, we found that a total of 33miRNAs (including miR-126-3p and miR-126-5p, miR-125a-5p, 125b-5p,181a-3p, 181b-5p, and 29b-3p) to be significantly decreased, and 75miRNAs (including miR-142-3p and miR-142-5p, 146b-3p, 146b-5p, and486-5p) to be significantly increased (GSE107431, FIG. 7K), suggestingdistinct BCR-ABL-dependent mechanisms causing miRNA deregulation in CML.

Endothelial Cells in the BM Niche Supply miR-126 to CML LSCs.

Given that miR-126 is necessary for the quiescence of LSCs and thatBCR-ABL activation causes down-regulation of mature miR-126 levels inLSCs, we reasoned that an exogenous source of miR-126 might be neededfor BCR-ABL+LSCs to maintain quiescence and prevent clonal exhaustion.BCR-ABL+ LT-HSCs mainly reside in the BM niche, along with multipleregulatory non-hematopoietic cell types. miR-126 is one of the mostabundantly expressed miRNAs in ECs and is involved inangiogenesis^(18,19). Consistent with this, we found that, in bothnormal and CML mice, BM ECs (CD45−Ter119-CD31+) expressed the highestlevels of miR-126, as compared with LT-HSCs and other BM stromal cellpopulations, including osteoblasts (OB; CD45−Ter119-CD31−CD166+Sca-1-)²⁰and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC; CD45−Ter119-CD31−CD166−Sca-1+)²¹ (FIGS.4A, 4B). We therefore hypothesized that ECs supply miR-126 to CMLLT-HSCs.

To test this hypothesis, we sorted ECs from endosteal and central marrowof SCLtTA/BCR-ABL mice and transduced these cells with lentiviralGFP-expressing miR-126 KD or control vectors (FIG. 4C). LT-HSCs frominduced SCLtTA/BCR-ABL mice were then co-cultured with GFP+control ormiR-126 KD ECs or were cultured without ECs for 96 h and analyzed forcell cycle and cell growth. After collecting the LT-HSCs that were insuspension, we separately collected the EC-attached LT-HSCs by flushingthem gently from the culture flask with PBS buffer. EC-attached LT-HSCswere stained with CD45 to exclude EC contamination. CML cellsco-cultured with control ECs showed higher miR-126 levels (FIG. 4C),decreased cell cycling (FIG. 4D), decreased apoptosis (FIG. 4E),decreased cell growth (FIG. 4F), and increased frequency of LT-HSCs(F1t3-CD150+CD48− LSK) (FIG. 4G) as compared to CML cells co-culturedwith miR-126 KD ECs or cultured alone. The highest miR-126 levels werefound in the LT-HSCs that were attached to control ECs (FIG. 4H). Next,we transplanted CML LT-HSCs (CD45.2, 1,000 cells/mouse) co-cultured for96 h with control or miR-126 KD ECs, or cultured alone, into congenicCD45.1 recipient mice. CML LT-HSCs co-cultured with control ECsgenerated higher white blood cell (WBC) counts, higher CML engraftmentlevels and reduced survival (p=0.04) in recipient mice, as compared withCML LT-HSCs co-cultured with miR-126 KD ECs or cultured alone (FIGS.4I-4K).

A recent report showed that in normal BM, Sca-1+ECs from arterial bloodvessels are associated with quiescent HSCs, whereas Sca-1-ECs frompermeable sinusoidal blood vessels are associated with proliferativeHSCs¹⁰. We hypothesized that a similar association between ECimmunophenotypic subpopulations and adjacent LT-HSC cell-cycle statusmay exist in CML mice and, given the role of miR-126 in cell quiescence,correlate with miR-126 levels. Upon sorting ECs and LT-HSCs fromendosteal and central marrow of CML and normal mice, we found that >70%of endosteal ECs were Sca-1+ and >80% of central ECs were Sca-1-;furthermore, Sca-1+ECs expressed higher miR-126 levels than didSca-1-ECs, and total endosteal ECs had higher miR-126 levels than didtotal central ECs (FIGS. 4L-4O). Accordingly, endosteal LT-HSCs hadhigher levels of miR-126 (FIG. 4P) and were more quiescent (FIGS. 4Q-4R)as compared to central LT-HSCs. These results demonstrate a directassociation between miR-126 levels in ECs and the cell cycle status ofadjacent LT-HSCs, and support the concept that there is activetrafficking of miR-126 from ECs to LT-HSCs in vivo.

To test the functional role of EC-supplied miR-126 for leukemia growth,we generated CML or normal mice carrying miR-126 foxed alleles (flox) toenable conditional knock-out (c-KO) of miR-126 in LT-HSCs, in ECs, or inboth. To generate these mice, we crossed miR-126^(flox/flox) mice withMx1-cre+ or Tie2-cre+ mice, followed by crossing with SCLtTA/BCR-ABLtransgenic mice. These crosses led to the generation of the followingstrains: miR-126^(flox/flox)/Mx1-cre,SCLtTA/BCR-ABL/miR-126^(flox/flox)/Mx1-cre, miR-126^(flox/flox)/Tie2-creand miR-126^(flox/flox)/Tie2-cre. After injectingmiR-126^(flox/flox)/Mx1-cre+ (Mx1+) mice with polyinosine-polycytosine(pIpC) to delete miR-126 in normal HSCs, we observed no significantchanges in WBC counts in PB (data not shown) or BM mononuclear cellsubpopulations (including LT-HSCs) (FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B) after 16 weeksof follow-up, as compared to control (Mx1−) mice. UsingSCLtTA/BCR-ABL/miR-126^(flox/flox)/Mx1+ mice, targeted miR-126 deletionin CML LSCs was obtained with tetracycline withdrawal to induce BCR-ABLexpression and pIpC injection to induce cre expression. In these mice,miR-126 levels in BM cells were reduced by 60%, CML development wasdelayed (p=0.047) and survival was increased (p=0.04), as compared withsimilarly treated SCLtTA/BCR-ABL/miR-126^(flox/flox)/Mx1− controls(FIGS. 5C-5E). To confirm that these results were not attributable to“leaky” miR-126 down-regulation in the non-hematopoietic compartment, wesorted CD45.2 CML LT-HSCs from BCR-ABL-induced and pIpC-injectedSCLtATA/BCR-ABL/miR-126^(flox/flox)/Mx1+ or Mx1− mice and transplantedthese cells into CD45.1 congenic recipient mice (FIG. 5F). Recipientstransplanted with Mx1+(miR-126 KO) CML LT-HSCs showed a trend fordecreased CML development and increased survival as compared withrecipient mice transplanted with Mx1− control CML LT-HSCs (FIGS. 5G-5J).

To assess the contribution of EC-derived miR-126 to leukemia growth, wesorted LT-HSCs from BCR-ABL-induced CD45.1/CD45.2 SCLtTA/BCR-ABL mice(used to track donor cells, and generated by crossing CD45.2SCLtTA/BCR-ABL B6 mice with CD45.1 B6 mice) and transplanted these cellsinto CD45.2 congenic miR-126^(flox/flox)/Tie2-cre− (Tie2-) (WT miR-126allele in ECs), miR-126^(flox/wt(het))/Tie2-cre− (Tie2+) (heterozygousmiR-126 KO allele in ECs), or miR-126^(flox/flox(hom))/Tie2+ (homozygousmiR-126 KO allele in ECs) recipient mice (FIG. 5K). Both het and homTie2+ recipient mice showed reduced CML cell engraftment, delayed CMLdevelopment and significantly increased survival, as compared with Tie2−recipients at 16 weeks after transplantation (FIGS. 5L-50; p=0.009 and0.0003 for survival of het Tie2+ and hom Tie2+ mice respectively); amiR-126 dosage effect was evident, as 70% of hom Tie2+ mice versus 10%of het Tie2+ mice were alive at 28 weeks (FIG. 5O). Of note, nosignificant differences in donor cell output from transplanted normalLT-HSCs (CD45.1) were observed in PB and BM from CD45.2miR-126^(flox/wt)/Tie2+ recipients as compared withmiR-126^(flox/wt)/Tie2− recipients after 16 weeks of follow-up (data notshown).

Next, to assess the functional impact of concurrent miR-126 KO in bothLT-HSCs and ECs, CML LT-HSCs from BCR-ABL-induced and pIpC-injectedSCLtATA/BCR-ABL/miR-126^(flox/flox)/Mx1+ or Mx1− mice were transplantedinto miR-126^(flox/wt)/Tie2+ or Tie2− recipient mice, respectively (FIG.5P). Tie2+ mice transplanted with Mx1+CIVIL LT-HSCs showed asignificantly delayed CML development (p=0.007) and prolonged survival(p=0.002) as compared with Tie2-mice transplanted with Mx1− CIVILLT-HSCs (FIG. 5Q and FIG. 5R). At day 200, 83% of the mice with miR-126KO in both ECs and LT-HSCs, but none of the controls with intact miR-126in both ECs and LT-HSCs, were alive. Taken together, these resultssupport a functional role of EC-derived miR-126 in sustaining leukemiagrowth in the CML LSC niche.

In assessing the relevance of these results to humans, we first showedthat human umbilical vein EC (HUVECs) expressed significantly higherlevels of miR-126 as compared with human CML CD34+ subpopulations (FIG.8A). We next knocked down miR-126 in HUVECs by transduction withlentiviral miR-126 KD or control vectors (FIG. 8B and FIG. 8C) and thenco-cultured CML Lin-CD34+CD38− cells (HSCs) with miR-126 KD or controlHUVECs for 96 h. CML HSCs co-cultured for 96 h with control HUVECs hadsignificantly higher miR-126 expression (FIG. 8D and FIG. 8E), decreasedcell cycle entry and apoptosis (FIG. 8F-8H) and an increased proportionof CD34+ cells (FIG. 8), as compared with CML cells co-cultured with KDHUVECs or cultured alone. Next, we transplanted CML CD34+ cellsco-cultured with control or miR-126 KD HUVECs or cultured alone for 96 hinto irradiated (300cGy) NSG-SGM3 (NOD-scid gamma IL3, GM-CSF, SCFtriple transgenic) mice. At 16 weeks after transplantation, BCR-ABLexpression in BM cells confirmed CIVIL cell engraftment in the recipientmice (FIG. 8J). Human CD45+ cell engraftment was significantly increasedin mice receiving CML cells co-cultured with control HUVECs as comparedwith mice receiving CML cells co-cultured with KD HUVECs or culturedalone (FIG. 8K and FIG. 8L).

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) Mediate miR-126 Trafficking from ECs toLT-HSCs.

To test whether intercellular miR-126 trafficking between ECs and HSCsinvolves extracellular vesicles (EVs), we isolated EVs from control andmiR-126 KD HUVECs by differential ultracentrifugation. Using electronmicroscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis by NanoSight, the sizerange of the EVs isolated from the supernatants of both control andmiR-126 KD HUVECs was 40-150 nm (peaks at 105 and 125 nm, respectively,FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B). By western blotting, EVs recovered from HUVECsshowed expression of exosome-specific proteins (CD63, TSG101) and anEV-associated protein (HSP90)^(22,23) and lack of a non EV-associatedprotein (the mitochondrial protein cytochrome C) (FIG. 9C, FIG. 16).Next, we fractionated EVs from HUVECs using magnetic beads coated withan anti-CD63 antibody and confirmed expression of exosome-specificproteins in the CD63+EV fraction using antibodies to tetraspanins (CD63,CD9 and CD81) by cytofluorimetric analysis (FIG. 9D). Significantlyhigher miR-126 levels were found in the CD63+EV fraction as comparedwith the CD63− EV fraction, as assessed by QPCR (0.77 versus 0.19, FIG.9E). Notably, miR-126 levels were higher in EVs obtained from controlHUVECs as compared to EVs from miR-126 KD HUVECs or EVs from humannormal or CML Lin-CD34+CD38− HSC cells (FIG. 9F).

To demonstrate intercellular trafficking of miR-126, we labeled miR-126with a fluorescence probe in cultured HUVECs (FIG. 9G) and subjected thesupernatant from these cells to differential ultracentrifugation tocollect EVs; treatment of BCR-ABL+K562 cells with the collected HUVECEVs resulted in the presence of a miR-126 fluorescence signal in theK562 cells, as assessed by confocal microscopy (FIG. 9H). To corroboratethese results, we cultured human CML HSCs for 96 h with EVs (5×10⁹particles/ml as measured by NanoSight, equivalent to 5 μg/ml as measuredby standard protein quantification methodology) isolated from control orKD HUVECs, or cultured the CML HSCs alone. CML HSCs co-cultured withcontrol HUVEC-derived EVs had significantly increased miR-126 levels(FIG. 9I) and reduced cell cycling and apoptosis rates (FIGS. 9J-9M) ascompared with CIVIL HSCs co-cultured with KD HUVEC-derived EVs orcultured alone. Next, we co-cultured miR-126 KO CML LT-HSCs fromtetracycline-off and pIpC-injected SCLtTA/BCR-ABL/miR-126flox/flox/Mx1+mice with control or miR-126 KD HUVEC-derived EVs for 48 h, or culturedthe CML LT-HSCs alone. miR-126 KO CML cells co-cultured with controlHUVEC-derived EVs showed significantly increased miR-126 levels (FIG.9N) and reduced cell cycling and apoptosis rates as compared withmiR-126 KO CML cells co-cultured with KD HUVEC-derived EVs or culturedalone.

Next, we transplanted primary CML CD34+ cells co-cultured with EVs(5×10⁹ particles/ml) from control or miR-126 KD HUVECs for 96 h intoNSG-SGM3 mice. Mice receiving cells co-cultured with controlHUVEC-derived EVs showed enhanced human CD45+(p=0.001; FIG. 9O) andCD45+CD34+(p=0.0008; FIG. 9p ) BM engraftment at 16 weeks, compared withmice receiving cells co-cultured with KD HUVEC-derived EVs. QPCRconfirmed that the engrafted cells in both groups of mice were BCR-ABL+.We also sorted CML LT-HSCs from induced CD45.2 SCLtTA/BCR-ABL mice andco-cultured them with control or KD HUVEC-derived EVs for 96 h and thentransplanted the cells into CD45.1 recipient mice. LT-HSCs co-culturedwith control HUVEC-derived EVs showed increased miR-126 expression(p=0.009; FIG. 9Q), enhanced CML progression (p=0.002), an increasedengraftment rate (p=0.06), and reduced survival (p=0.04) as comparedwith LT-HSCs co-cultured with KD HUVEC-derived EVs (FIGS. 9r-9t ).Altogether, these observations suggest that EV-mediated trafficking isresponsible for the transfer of miR-126 from ECs to LT-HSCs.

Of note, although we could not completely exclude the possibility thatdecreased CML LT-HSC quiescence and engraftment capacity results fromfunctional changes in ECs induced by miR-126 KD, rather than from adecrease in miR-126 trafficking from ECs to LT-HSCs, Kuo et al.previously showed that miR-126 KO mice have no substantial changes in BMEC structure⁹. Moreover, we did not observe detectable changes in themorphology and growth rate of miR-126 KD HUVECs or miR-126 KD mouse ECscompared with controls (data not shown).

miR-126 Knockdown Enhances TKI-Mediated Targeting of CML LSC.

Given that BCR-ABL activity reduces endogenous levels of miR-126 inLT-HSCs and that pharmacologic inhibition of BCR-ABL by NIL increasedmiR-126 levels and the frequency of quiescent LT-HSCs (FIGS. 2D-2O), wepostulated that miR-126 down-regulation may enhance the anti-leukemicactivity of TKI treatment and eliminate CML LSCs. To test thishypothesis, we subjected human CML HSCs to miR-126 KD or OE bytransduction of GFP-expressing lentiviruses (FIG. 10A). We selected GFP+cells and cultured them for 96 h in the presence of NIL. CombinedmiR-126 KD and NIL treatment resulted in increased cell cycling andapoptosis (FIG. 10B and FIG. 10C) and decreased cell growth, CFC and CFCreplating efficiency (FIGS. 10D-10F), as compared with only NIL-treatedcontrol cells. Conversely, combined miR-126 OE and NIL treatmentresulted in decreased cell cycling and apoptosis and increased CFC andCFC replating efficiency (FIGS. 10B, 10C, 10E, 10F), as compared withonly NIL-treated control cells. We obtained similar results for CMLLT-HSCs from SCLtTA/BCR-ABL mice (FIGS. 10G-10K).

To further test the concept that miR-126 KD can enhance theanti-leukemic activity of TKI treatment, we transduced human CML HSCswith miR-126 KD or control lentiviral vectors; we selected GFP+ cellsand treated them with NIL for 96 h and then transplanted them intoirradiated NSG-SGM3 mice. Recipient mice receiving NIL-treated miR-126KD cells showed reduced engraftment of human CD45+ cells in PB at 4weeks (FIG. 6A) and in BM at 16 weeks (FIG. 6B and FIG. 11A), ascompared to controls. BCR-ABL levels were reduced in BM cells fromNSG-SGM3 mice transplanted with miR-126 KD CML cells as compared withmice transplanted with control CML cells (FIG. 11B).

To test if miR-126 down-regulation in ECs also enhances the sensitivityof CML HSCs to TKI treatment, we cultured human CML HSCs alone or withHUVEC with or without miR-126 KD, and with or without NIL for 72 h. CMLHSCs co-cultured with miR-126 KD HUVECs had significantly increasedapoptosis and decreased cell growth and CFCs, as compared with CML HSCsco-cultured with control HUVECs with or without NIL (FIGS. 11C-11E). Ofnote, CML HSCs co-cultured with KD HUVEC-derived EVs also showedsignificantly increased apoptosis and decreased cell growth as comparedto CML HSCs co-cultured with control HUVEC-derived EVs, with or withoutNIL (FIG. 11F and FIG. 11G). Next, we sorted CML LT-HSCs from inducedCD45.1/CD45.2 SCLtTA/BCR-ABL mice and transplanted them into CD45.2miR-126^(flox/wt)/Tie2+ (heterozygous miR-126 KO allele in ECs) or Tie2−(WT miR-126 allele in ECs) mice. After confirming CML development, wetreated the mice with NIL (50 mg/kg, daily by oral gavage) or vehiclefor 3 weeks. Vehicle-treated Tie2+ mice showed delayed CML development(p=0.02) and increased survival (p=0.001) as compared withvehicle-treated Tie2− mice (FIGS. 6C-6E). Moreover, NIL-treated Tie2+mice showed significantly reduced WBC counts in PB (p=0.03) andincreased survival (p=0.02) as compared with NIL-treated Tie2− mice(FIGS. 6C-6E), and all NIL-treated Tie2+ mice were alive at day 150(FIG. 6E). Altogether, these results support the hypothesis that miR-126down-regulation in ECs and CML HSCs enhances the anti-leukemic activityof TKI treatment.

To sort out the mechanistic basis for the enhancement of TKI activity bymiR-126 KD, we showed that, consistent with previous studies^(24,25),NIL treatment enhanced MAPK/ERK activation, increased BCL-2 expressionand promoted survival in CML CD34+ cells (FIG. 11H and FIG. 16). Thus,we reasoned that NIL could enhance MAPK/ERK activation throughup-regulation of miR-126 and consequent down-regulation of SPRED1 (FIG.11H and FIG. 11I), a reported inhibitor of the MAPK/ERK pathway. In factmiR-126 KD in CML CD34+ cells resulted in SPRED1 up-regulation anddecreased phospho-ERK (p-ERK) and BCL-2 levels (FIGS. 11J-11K, FIG. 16),while SPRED1 KD increased p-ERK and BCL-2 levels and rescued NIL-inducedapoptosis (FIGS. 11L-110, FIG. 16). Moreover, NIL-induced apoptosis wasenhanced by the MEK inhibitor PD0325901 or BCL-2 KD (FIGS. 11P-11S, FIG.16). These results support a model in which NIL-induced up-regulation ofmiR-126 expression decreases SPRED1 expression and results in spuriousactivation of the MAPK/ERK pathway, and ultimate increase of BCL-2levels. miR-126 KD counteracted these effects, thereby increasing theanti-leukemic activity of NIL.

Effective In Vitro and In Vivo Uptake and Gene Silencing Effects of theCpG-miR-126 Inhibitor.

In view of the enhancing effects of miR-126 KD on the anti-leukemicactivity of NIL, we reasoned that miR-126 could represent a therapeutictarget for eliminating LSC. Although microRNAs can be targeted witholigonucleotide therapeutics (ONTs), it remains challenging to achieveefficient and cell-selective delivery of ONTs in vivo. Thus, we designeda novel miR-126 inhibitor by linking an anti-miR-126oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) to a cytosine guanine dinucleotide (CpG) ODN,a ligand for the intracellular protein Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Toallow for systemic administration, we chemically modified theCpG-miR-126 inhibitor to resist serum nucleases, using phosphothioationand 2′OMe-modified nucleotides in the CpG ODN and anti-miR-126 moieties,respectively. We compared the specificity and efficiency of CpG-miR-126inhibitor uptake with a nanoparticle (NP) delivery method previouslyreported by our group⁶. We incubated K562 cells withfluorescently-labeled CpG-miR-126 inhibitor-Cy3 (CpG), human CD45antibody (Ab)- or transferrin (TF)-conjugated NPs containing miR-126inhibitor-Cy3 (Ab-NP or TF-NP), or naked miR-126 inhibitor-Cy3(control), in the absence of any reagents routinely used for nucleicacid transfection. Flow cytometric analysis at 4 h and 24 h aftertreatment (FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B) showed that CpG-miR-126 inhibitor-Cy3was taken up by 99% of the K562 cells at both 4 h and 24 h, comparedwith 24% and 30% of the cells incubated with Ab-NP and 74% and 88% ofthe cells incubated with TF-NP at 4 h and 24 h, respectively. K562 cellsdid not take up naked miR-126 inhibitor (control) (FIG. 12B). EfficientmiR-126 down-regulation by CpG-miR-126 inhibitor-Cy3 in K562 cells wasshown at 24 h (FIG. 12C). We further showed by flow cytometry that, evenwithout routinely used transfection reagents, the CpG-miR-126inhibitor-Cy3 was internalized by HUVECs as well as by human normal andCML Lin-CD34+CD38− cells at 4 h (FIGS. 12D-12F); >95% cells werepositive for CpG-miR-126 inhibitor-Cy3 uptake in all three cell types.CpG-miR-126 inhibitor-Cy3 uptake led to efficient miR-126down-regulation in HUVECs and HSCs (FIGS. 12G-121). We also observedincreased cell cycling in both CpG-miR-126 inhibitor-treated normal andCML HSCs, as compared to CpG-scrambled RNA (scrRNA)-treated controls(FIG. 12J and FIG. 12K).

Next, we evaluated CpG-miR-126 inhibitor-Cy3 uptake in mouse LT-HSCs andECs in vitro and in vivo. Following in vitro exposure to CpG-miR-126inhibitor-Cy3, efficient uptake at 4 h and miR-126 down-regulation at 24h were shown by flow cytometry and QPCR, respectively (FIG. 12L and FIG.12M). We also observed increased cell cycling in normal and CML BMLT-HSCs treated with the CpG-miR-126 inhibitor (FIG. 12N). We treatednormal and CML mice with one dose (5 mg/kg, iv injection) of CpG-miR-126inhibitor-Cy3. At 16 h post-treatment, efficient in vivo uptake wasdemonstrated by flow cytometry in both LT-HSCs (56±5%) and ECs (62±3%)isolated from femurs (FIG. 12O). After CpG-miR-126 inhibitor treatment(5 mg/kg/day, iv, daily) for 3 days, we sorted LT-HSCs and ECs and foundsignificant miR-126 down-regulation (FIG. 12P and FIG. 12Q).

CpG-miR-126 Inhibitor Enhances In Vivo Targeting of CML LSCs inCombination with TKI Treatment.

We next tested the effects of the CpG-miR-126 inhibitor in normal miceto ensure that the compound does not have hematologic toxicity. Wetreated WT B6 mice with CpG-scrRNA (scrRNA) or CpG-miR-126 inhibitor(inhibitor, 5 mg/kg/day i.v.) for 3 weeks, after which we collectedtheir BM cells and transplanted them into recipient mice (3×10⁵ BMcells/mouse). Compared with scrRNA-treated control mice,inhibitor-treated mice showed increased numbers of red blood cells(RBC), but no significant differences in the numbers of WBCs orplatelets (PLT) in PB (FIGS. 13A-13C), or in the numbers of mononuclearcells, LT-HSCs, or ECs in the BM (FIG. 13D and FIG. 13F). These findingsare in line with the observation that miR-126 down-regulation in normalHSCs increases hematological output⁴. In the recipient mice receiving BMcells from donor mice treated with scrRNA or inhibitor, we observed nosignificant differences in donor cell engraftment in PB, BM or spleen(FIG. 13G and FIG. 13H) or in donor LT-HSC numbers in BM (FIG. 13I) at16 weeks after transplantation. These data demonstrate that theinhibitor lacks pre-clinical toxicity for normal hematopoiesis.

We then tested the effects of the inhibitor alone and in combinationwith NIL on human and mouse CML LT-HSCs in vivo. First, we transplantedhuman CD34+ cells from CP CML patients into NSG-SGM3 mice. At 6 weeksafter transplantation, the mice were divided into 4 groups and treatedwith scrRNA (5 mg/kg i.v. 4 times a week), inhibitor (5 mg/kg, i.v. 4times a week), scrRNA+NIL (50 mg/kg, daily by oral gavage), orinhibitor+NIL for 3 weeks, followed by assessment of human cellengraftment in PB, BM and spleen. We observed significantly reducedhuman CD45+, CD45+CD34+CD38− HSC and CD45+CD34+CD38−CD90+ LT-HSCengraftment in the BM of inhibitor+NIL treated mice as compared withscrRNA alone, inhibitor alone or scrRNA+NIL treated mice (FIG. 6F andFIG. 6H, FIG. 13J). QPCR analyses confirmed that the engrafted humanCD45+ cells were BCR-ABL positive (FIG. 13K).

Next, we transplanted BM cells from SCLtTA/BCR-ABL mice (CD45.2) intocongenic B6 mice (CD45.1). Following confirmation of CML development at4 weeks after transplantation, mice were treated as above with scrRNA,inhibitor, scrRNA+NIL, or inhibitor+NIL for 3 weeks. As EC-derivedmiR-126 plays a key role in LSC maintenance, we sorted BM ECs fromtreated mice and confirmed significantly lower miR-126 levels in totalECs, Sca-1+ECs and Sca-1-ECs from inhibitor-treated mice, as comparedwith scrRNA-treated mice (FIG. 13L and FIG. 13M). Mice receiving thecombination of inhibitor+NIL had a significant reduction in thepercentage of CD45.2+CML cells in PB, spleen and BM (FIGS. 6I-6K), and asignificant reduction in the numbers of CML LSK cells and LT-HSCs inspleen and BM, as compared with all other groups (FIGS. 6L-6O). Wefollowed a cohort of mice for survival studies after 3 weeks oftreatment, and found that all of the mice treated with scrRNA alone diedof leukemia within 60 days after treatment discontinuation, whereas 50%of the mice treated with inhibitor alone or scrRNA+NIL and 90% of themice treated with the combination of inhibitor+NIL survived (p=0.0012;FIG. 6P).

To quantify the frequency of leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) aftertreatment, BM cells from leukemic mice treated with scrRNA, inhibitor,scrRNA+NIL, or inhibitor+NIL for 3 weeks were transplanted in limitingdilution assays into secondary congenic CD45.1 recipient mice. Treatmentwith the combination of inhibitor+NIL resulted in a significantly higherlevels of depletion of LICs, as assessed by leukemia development insecondary recipient mice after 16 weeks of follow-up, as compared withtreatment with scrRNA alone, inhibitor alone or scrRNA+NIL (FIG. 6Q).None of the secondary recipients that received BM cells from the micetreated with the combination of inhibitor+NIL developed leukemia. Theseresults indicate that, compared with NIL treatment, treatment with acombination of NIL and the CpG-miR-126 inhibitor enhances theeradication of CML LSCs capable of engraftment in secondary recipients.

Discussion.

We report here that miR-126 expression levels in both human and mouseCML cells follow the hierarchy of hematopoietic differentiation, withmore primitive hematopoietic stem cells or progenitors expressing higherlevels of miR-126 than mature cells. Moreover, quiescent CML LT-HSCshave higher levels of miR-126 and a higher leukemia engraftment capacitythan proliferating CML LT-HSCs, in line with findings reported fornormal hematopoiesis⁴. Unexpectedly, we found that miR-126 levels aresignificantly lower in CML LT-HSCs than their normal counterparts,consistent with previous findings that a lower frequency of long-termrepopulating cells are observed within CML LT-HSCs as compared to normalLT-HSCs². Indeed, we demonstrated that BCR-ABL expression lowers maturemiR-126 levels and increases pri- and pre-miR-126 levels, whereaspharmacologic BCR-ABL inhibition by a TKI increases mature miR-126levels and decreases pri- and pre-miR-126 levels. Altogether, these datasupport a role for BCR-ABL in altering the biogenesis of endogenousmiR-126.

To our knowledge, BCR-ABL-dependent down-regulation of miR-126 in CMLcells and its mechanistic basis has not been previously reported.SPRED1, a validated miR-126 target^(4,7,9,14,15), is a tyrosine kinasesubstrate known to inhibit GF-mediated activation of RAS protein familymembers and, in turn, the RAS/MAPK/ERK pathway¹⁶. Tyrosine residuephosphorylation is required for SPRED1 inhibition of RAS/MAPK/ERKactivation¹⁷. We show here that SPRED1 is a substrate for BCR-ABL andthat BCR-ABL-induced SPRED1 phosphorylation is critical for miR-126biogenesis in CML. We found that BCR-ABL-phosphorylated SPRED1 bindswith RAN, a RAS family member, disrupts the RAN/Exp-5/RCC1 complex,which is involved in pre-miRNA nucleus-to-cytoplasm shuttling, increasesnuclear levels of pri- and pre-miR-126 and decreases cytoplasmic levelsof mature miR-126. Conversely, BCR-ABL inhibition disrupts the bindingof SPRED1 with RAN, enhances formation of the RAN/Exp-5/RCC1 complex,increases mature miR-126 levels, and decreases pri- and pre-miR-126levels (FIG. 7J).

Because miR-126 is necessary for normal and clonal HSC quiescence andcontinuous down-regulation of miR-126 can cause clonal exhaustion^(4,8),we reasoned that this autoregulatory loop must be circumvented in orderto maintain a reservoir of quiescent CML LSCs. Previous reportssuggested that BM ECs participate in the regulation of normalhematopoiesis^(10,26). Here, we showed that among cell populations inthe leukemic BM niche, ECs express the highest miR-126 levels and supplymiR-126 to CML cells, likely through EV trafficking. Furthermore,consistent with previous reports showing that Sca-1+ECs are associatedwith quiescent normal HSCs and that Sca-1-ECs are associated withproliferating normal HSC in the marrow¹⁰, we found that endostealSca-1+ECs express higher levels of miR-126 than central marrow Sca-1-ECsand are associated with a larger fraction of quiescent BCR-ABL+ LT-HSCs,which also express higher miR-126 levels than proliferating BCR-ABL+LT-HSCs. Our data support a functional interplay between ECs and HSCs inCIVIL, resulting in a non-random BM distribution of the quiescent CMLLSC fraction that is more likely to be found proximal to the high-levelmiR-126-expressing ECs from the endosteal marrow than to the low-levelmiR-126-expressing ECs from the central marrow. The functional relevanceof the exchange of miR-126 between ECs and LT-HSCs to leukemia growthwas demonstrated by showing a decreased engraftment of CML LSCs andimproved survival observed in recipient mice with miR-126 KO in theendothelial compartment transplanted with BCR/ABL+ LT-HSCs.

Our results may be clinically relevant to CML patients treated with TKI.Persistence of CML LSCs during TKI treatment is an active area ofinvestigation, as these agents are remarkably potent against cyclingcells, but fail to eliminate quiescent CML LSCs^(3,27). Using primaryhuman CML cells and CML mouse models, we showed that the resistance ofCML LSCs to TKI treatment is likely mediated by decreased levels ofphosphorylated SPRED1 due to BCR-ABL inhibition, leading to increasedendogenous miR-126 levels, which pushes LSCs into a relativelytreatment-refractory quiescent state. Furthermore, miR-126 up-regulationin TKI-treated CML CD34+ cells resulted in decreased SPRED1 levels,activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway and increased cell survival^(25,28).Accordingly, miR-126 KD in CML cells and/or ECs enhances theanti-leukemic activity of TKI treatment by counteracting the undesiredTKI-induced miR-126 up-regulation. In vivo, all NIL-treated CIVIL micewith genetic miR-126 KD in ECs survived, demonstrating the therapeuticpotential of targeting miR-126 in CML.

For clinical translation of this concept, we designed a novelCpG-miR-126 ODN inhibitor that could be efficiently taken-up by bothhematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells in the BM niche. We havepreviously shown that the uptake of CpG-ODN conjugated molecules dependson endocytosis by scavenger family dextran sulfate-sensitive receptors(SRs)^(29,30), which are expressed on the surface of normal andmalignant myeloid cells^(31,32). Following SR-mediated internalization,CpG-conjugates bind to endosomal TLR9, triggering their cytoplasmicrelease²⁹. SRs and TLR9 are both expressed on hematopoietic cells andECs33-36, and likely facilitate the efficient intracellular delivery ofCpG-miR-126 inhibitor and its subsequent endosomal release andpharmacologic activity. We found that the CpG-miR-126 inhibitor wasefficiently taken up by both LT-HSCs and ECs in vitro and in vivo,down-regulated miR-126 expression and reduced LT-HSC quiescence andfrequency. Combination treatment with the CpG-miR-126 inhibitor and aTKI in CML mice resulted in increased survival, compared to treatmentwith either agent alone; moreover, no leukemia development in secondaryrecipients transplanted with BM cells from combination-treated mice wasobserved, suggesting that combination treatment results in theelimination of CML LSCs. In support of the possibility of clinicaltranslation of this treatment strategy, we observed no hematologictoxicity in normal mice treated with CpG-miR-126 inhibitor.

In summary, we report that BCR-ABL-mediated SPRED1 phosphorylation downregulates miR-126 biogenesis in CML LSCs, such that CIVIL LSC quiescenceand leukemogenic capacity relies on trafficking of miR-126 from ECs toLSCs in the BM niche (FIG. 13N). Consistent with this model, TKItreatment inhibits BCR-ABL-induced SPRED1 phosphorylation, leading tothe undesired increase in miR-126 levels. Based on the proof-of-conceptfindings reported here, which showed that in vivo treatment of CML micewith a newly-developed CpG-miR-126 inhibitor enhances TKI activity invivo and results in LSC elimination; this CpG-miR-126 inhibitor is nowbeing translated to the clinic for the treatment of CML patients.

Animal studies. Inducible transgenic SCLtTA/BCR-ABL mice in the FVB/Nbackground^(37,38) were backcrossed to the B6 background (CD45.2) for 10generations. Transgenic BCR-ABL mice were maintained on tetracyclinewater at 0.5 g/L. Withdrawal of tetracycline results in expression ofBCR-ABL and generation of a CML-like disease in these mice^(37,38).Unless otherwise indicated, BCR-ABL expression was induced for 2-3 weeksby tetracycline withdrawal in 6-8 weeks old male and female mice andthen BM cells (from both tibias and femurs) were collected forexperiments. SCLtTA/BCR-ABL mice (CD45.2, B6) were also bred with CD45.1B6 mice to produce CD45.1/CD45.2 SCLtTA/BCR-ABL mice as donors.miR-126^(flox/flox) mice (B6, from Dr. Kuo, Stanford) were crossed withMx1-cre, Tie2-cre (both from The Jackson Laboratory) and SCLtTA/BCR-ABLmice (all B6) to obtain the following strains:miR-126^(flox/flox)/Mx1-cre, SCLtTA/BCR-ABL/miR-126^(flox/flox)/Mx1-cre,miR-126^(flox/wt)/Tie2-cre and miR-126^(flox/flox)/Tie2-cre. Recipientmice in the CD45.1 B6 background (from Charles River) were used to allowtracking of donor CD45.2 cells after transplantation. Recipients were 6to 8 weeks old male and female mice and were irradiated at 900 cGywithin 24 h before transplantation. The number of mice for each studygroup was chosen based on the expected endpoint variation (i.e.,engraftment rate and latency period of leukemia) and on the availabilityof mice of different strains. Mice of the same gender and age wererandomly divided into groups. Investigators were blinded to mousegenotype while performing treatment or monitoring engraftment orsurvival. Mouse care and experimental procedures were performed inaccordance with federal guidelines and protocols and were approved bythe Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the City of Hope.

Engraftment of human cells in immunodeficient mice. GFP+ cells (2×10⁵cells/mouse) selected from CML Lin-CD34+CD38− cells transduced withmiRZip anti-miR-126 (126 KD) or control (Ctrl) lentiviruses werecultured with or without NIL (5 μM) for 96 h. Cells were then harvested,washed and transplanted via tail vein injection into sublethallyirradiated (300cGy) 6-8 week old NOD.Cg-Prkdc^(scid) I12rg^(tm1Wj1)Tg(CMV-IL3,CSF2,KITLG)1Eav/MloySzJ mice (NSG-SGM3, The JacksonLaboratory). Engraftment of human CD45+ cells in PB was monitored at 6weeks. Mice were euthanized after 16 weeks and femur marrow contents,spleen cells and blood cells were obtained at necropsy. To assess humancell engraftment, cells were labeled with anti-mouse CD45 and anti-humanCD45 and CD33 antibody and analyzed by flow cytometry. To assessengraftment of malignant BCR-ABL expressing cells, BM cells obtainedwere evaluated for BCR-ABL mRNA levels by QPCR39.

In Vivo Treatment of Normal and CML Mice.

BM cells (CD45.2) were obtained from SCLtTA/BCR-ABL mice at 4 weeksafter induction of BCR-ABL expression by tetracycline withdrawal andwere then transplanted by tail vein injection (10⁶ cells/mouse) intoirradiated (900 cGy) recipient mice (CD45.1). Blood samples wereobtained 4 weeks after transplantation to confirm development ofneutrophilic leukocytosis. Mice were treated with scrRNA (5 mg/kg, 4times a week by vein injection), CpG-miR-126 inhibitor (inhibitor, 5mg/kg, 4 times a week by vein injection), scrRNA+NIL (50 mg/kg, daily byoral gavage), or inhibitor+NIL for 21 days. After 3 weeks of treatment,mice were euthanized and BM cells from the right femur and spleen cellswere analyzed for CML cell output. BM cells from the left femur of thetreated mice were pooled and 4×10⁶, 2×10⁶, 1×10⁶ and 5×10⁵ cells/mouse(6 mice/dose×4 doses×4 conditions=96 mice) were transplanted intoirradiated (900 cGy) recipient mice (CD45.1). WBC counts and CIVIL cellengraftment were monitored every 4 weeks. The mice were euthanized at 16weeks, followed by assessment of donor CML cell engraftment in PB, BMand spleen. The fraction of mice showing evidence of CML development at16 weeks after secondary transplantation was determined and thefrequency of LICs was calculated using L-Calc software. Another cohortof mice was followed for survival up to 60 days after discontinuation oftreatment. To determine the in vivo effect of the CpG-miR-126 inhibitoron normal hematopoiesis, normal mice were treated with scrRNA orinhibitor for 3 weeks, followed by assessment of WBC, RBC, PLT counts inPB and BM subpopulations in BM.

Isolation of Cells from Different Marrow Regions.

Tibias and femurs were excised from 8-12 week old mice. After removingthe muscle and connective tissue, the bones were flushed 5 times using a23-gauge needle and 3 ml of cold IMDM medium and collected as centralmarrow. The marrow-depleted bones were crushed gently with a mortar andpestle in cold IMDM medium and the bone fragments were incubated at 37°C. with 3 ml of 3 mg/ml collagenase I (Sigma) and gently agitated for 45min. The digested bones were then filtered through a 40 μm strainer (BDBioscience) and collected as endosteal marrow.

Flow Cytometry Analyses.

Human Lin-CD34+CD38+ committed progenitors, Lin-CD34+CD38− andLin-CD34+CD38−CD90− primitive progenitors, and Lin-CD34+CD38−CD90+ stemcells were obtained by flow cytometry sorting. The following humanantibodies were used: human biotinylated lineage antibodies against CD2(clone RPA-2.10, cat 555325, BD), CD7(124-1D1, 13-0079-80, ebioscience),CD10(CB-CALLA, 15259439, Thermo Fisher), CD11b (C67F154, 13019682,Thermo Fisher), CD19 (eBiolD3 (1D3), 13-0193-82, Thermo Fisher), CD33(HIM3-4, MA1-19522, Thermo Fisher), CD235a (HIR2 (GA-R2), 13-9987-82,Thermo Fisher); human antibodies against CD34 (PE-Cy7, 581, 560710;FITC, 581, 555821; APC, 581, 555824; all from BD), CD38 (PE, HIT2,560981; APC, HIT2, 555462, both from BD), CD90 (PerCP-Cy5.5, eBio5E10(5E10), 45-0909-42, Thermo Fisher), CD33 (PE, P67.6, 347787, BD), CD45(FITC, 2D1,11-9459-42; PerCP-Cy5.5, 2D1,45-9459-42, Thermo Fisher), CD31(PE, 390, 50-103-20, Thermo Fisher), Ki-67 (PE, B56, 556027; FITC, B56,556026, BD), CD63 (PE-Cy7, H5C6, 561982, BD), CD9 (FITC, H19a, 312104,Biolegend), and CD81 (APC, JS81, 561958, BD). Mouse cells were obtainedfrom PB, BM (from both tibias and femurs), or spleen. For analysis ofstem and progenitor cells, c-kit+ cells were selected using anti-mouseCD117 microbeads or Lin-cells were selected using Lineage depletionmicrobeads (both from Miltenyi Biotec, San Diego, Calif.). The followingmouse antibodies were used: mouse biotinylated lineage antibodies (allfrom ebioscience) against: CD3 (clone 17A2, cat 13-0031-85), CD4 (GK1.5,13-0041-85), CD8 (53-6.7, 13-0083-85), B220 (RA3-6B2, 13-0452-85), CD19(eBiolD3 (1D3), 13-0193-85), IgM (eB121-15F9, 13-5790-85), Gr-1(RB6-8C5, 13-5931-85), CD11b (M1/70, 13-0112-85), NK1.1 (PK136,13-5941-85), Ter119 (clone TER-119, cat 13-5921-85), Flt3 (A2F10,13-1351-85); mouse antibodies against Flt3 (PE, A2F10, 12-1351-82,ebioscience), Sca-1 (PE-Cy7, D7, 25-5981-82, ebioscience), CD117(APC-eflu780, ACK2, 47-1172-82, ebioscience), CD16/32 (PE-Cy7, 2.4G2,560829, BD), CD34 (Alexa Fluor 647, RAM34, 560230, BD), CD150(PerCP-Cy5.5, TC15-12F12.2, 115922, Biolegend), CD48 (APC,HM48-1,17-0481-82, ebioscience; Pacific blue, HM48-1, 103418,Biolegend), CD45.1(PE-Cy7, A20, 25-0453-82; PerCP-Cy5.5, A20,45-0453-80, both from ebioscience), CD45.2 (FITC, 104, 11-0454-85;eFluor450, 104,48-0454-82, both from ebioscience), CD45 (PE-Cy7, 30-F11,25-0451-82, ebioscience), Ter119 (APC-eflu780, TER-119, 50-162-15,ebioscience), CD31 (APC, 390, 17-0311-82; PE, 390, 12-0311-82, both fromebioscience), CD166 (PE, FAB1172P, R&D Systems). Other antibodiesinclude anti-streptavidin (PE, 12-4317-87; FITC, 11-4317-87;PerCP-Cy5.5, 45-4317-80, ebioscience) and Annexin V (PE, 559763, BD).Myeloid progenitors were identified asLin-Sca-1-c-Kit+CD34+FcγRII/III^(lo) (CMP),Lin-Sca-1-c-Kit+CD34+FcγRII/III^(hi) (GMP), orLin-Sca-1-c-Kit+CD34−FcγRII/III^(lo) (MEP)^(38,40). Stem and progenitorpopulations were identified as LSK cells (Lin-Sca-1hic-Kithi) andlong-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs; LSK Flt3-CD150+CD48−)38,41. Endothelial cells were identified as CD45−Ter119-CD31+. All analyseswere performed on a LSRII flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and sortingwas performed on ARIAIII or ARIA SORP instruments (BD Biosciences).

Cell Culture.

Human HPCs (Lin-CD34+) and HSCs (Lin-CD34+CD38−) were cultured inStemspan serum-free medium II (SFEM II, StemCell Technologies),supplemented with low concentrations of growth factors (GFs) similar tothose present in long-term BM culture stroma-conditioned medium[granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 200 pg/mL,leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) 50 pg/mL, granulocytecolony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) ing/mL, stem cell factor (SCF) 200pg/mL, macrophage-inflammatory protein-1a (MIP-1a) 200 pg/mL, andinterleukin-6 (IL-6) 1 ng/mL]42. Mouse BM LT-HSCs were cultured in SFEMII supplemented with 10 ng/ml SCF and 10 ng/ml TPO. Human Umbilical VeinEndothelial Cells (HUVEC) and K562 cells were recently purchased fromLonza and ATCC respectively. We confirmed that HUVEC cells are humanCD31 positive by flow cytometry and that K562 cells are BCR-ABL positiveby QPCR. These two cell lines were tested for mycoplasma contaminationand both were negative. HUVEC cells were cultured in complete EGM-2medium (Lonza) and mouse BM ECs were cultured in complete mouseendothelial cell medium (Cell biologics). K562 cells were cultured inRPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS (Life Technologies). Allcells were cultured at 37° C. with 5% CO₂ and high humidity.

Differential Ultracentrifugation.

Conditioned medium was made by centrifuging the culture mediumcontaining FBS for 8-10 h at 100,000×g, 4° C. to remove the FBS-derivedEV contamination and the supernatant was collected (leaving theFBS-derived EVs/protein pellet). The cells were cultured with theconditioned medium for 2 days. EVs were isolated by differentialultracentrifugation⁴³⁴⁵. Briefly, the supernatant was collected andcentrifuged for 5 min at 500×g, 4° C.; the supernatant was thencollected and centrifuged for 10 min at 2,000×g, 4° C.; and thesupernatant was then collected and centrifuged for 15 min at 10,000×g,4° C. It was important that none of the pellets consisting of cells andcell debris was collected. The supernatant was then transferred to a newtube and centrifuged for 60 min at 100,000×g, 4° C. The EV pellet waswashed once with PBS and centrifuged again for 60 min at 100,000×g, 4°C. to obtain the final EV pellet. The EV pellet was dissolved in 50 ulof PBS and stored at 4° C. for up to one week.

Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis.

NanoSight measurements were carried out in 0.2 μm filtered PBS. Theconcentration and size distribution profile of the particles isolated bydifferential ultracentrifugation were evaluated using a NanoSight NS300instrument (Malvern, Worcestershire, UK) and NTA 3.2 software. Videoswere recorded at camera level 15. Samples were diluted 1:100 in PBS toachieve a measured particle concentration of 5-15×10⁸/mL in accordancewith the manufacturer's recommendations. For each sample, three 60 secvideos were recorded and analyzed in the batch processing mode.

Electron Microscopy (EM).

Specimens at an optimal concentration were placed onto a 300-meshcarbon/formvar coated grids and allowed to absorb to the formvar for aminimum of 1 min. Grids were rinsed with ddH2O and stained for contrastusing 1% uranyl acetate. The samples were viewed with an FEI Tecnai T12transmission electron microscope at 120 keV and images were taken with aGatan Ultrascan 2K CCD camera.

Cytofluorimetric Analysis.

A fraction was isolated from HUVEC-derived EVs using magnetic beadscoated with anti-CD63 antibody (10606D, ThermoFisher). Briefly, EVsisolated from HUVEC by differential ultracentrifugation were incubatedwith magnetic beads coated with anti-CD63 antibody overnight. Thebead-bound CD63+ EVs were selected using a DynaMag-5 magnetic separator(12303D, ThermoFisher), stained with PE-Cy7-anti-human CD63,FITC-anti-human CD9 and APC-anti-human CD81 (BD) antibodies and thenanalyzed by flow cytometry.

Lentiviral or Retroviral Transduction of Human and Mouse Cells.

GFP-expressing miRZip anti-miR-126-3p (126 KD, CS940MZ-1, a custom orderfrom System Biosciences, with EF1a promoter for anti-miR-126-3p),miR-126 precursor (126 OE, CS940MR-1, a custom order from SystemBiosciences, with EF1a promoter for miRNA and PGK promoter forGFP-T2A-Puro expression) and control [MZIP000-PA-1, miRZip negativecontrol; CD813A-1, pCDH-EF1-MCS-(PGK-GFP-T2A-Puro); both from SystemBiosciences] lentiviruses were produced and used for transduction ofhuman and/or mouse HSCs, HUVECs and mouse ECs. Briefly, human HPCs orHSCs were cultured overnight in SFEM II supplemented with IL-3 (25ng/ml), IL-6 (10 ng/ml), SCF (50 ng/ml), TPO (100 ng/ml) and Flt-3ligand (100 ng/ml). Mouse BM LT-HSCs were cultured overnight in SFEM IIsupplemented with mouse SCF (10 ng/ml) and mouse TPO (long/ml). The nextday, cells were resuspended in SFEM II and lentiviral supernatant[multiplicity of infection (MOI)=10-20], supplemented with the above GFsand 1×TransDux virus transduction reagent (System Biosciences), andcentrifuged at 1500 g for 90 minutes for transduction by spinoculation.We observed 30-60% of GFP+ cells in human HSCs and 90-100% in mouseLT-HSCs transduced with 126 KD lentivirus (MOI=20), and 10-30% of GFP+cells in human HSCs and 30-50% in mouse LT-HSCs transduced with 126 OElentivirus (MOI=10) at 48 h. HUVECs and mouse BM ECs were exposed to 126KD or control lentiviral supernatant (MOI=10) with 1×TransDux virustransduction reagent, and 100% of GFP+ cells were detected at 48 h.Normal BM LSK cells were transduced with BCR-ABL or control retroviralsupernatant (MOI=5) with polybrene (5 μg/ml, American Bioanalytical) byspinoculation, and 20-30% of GFP+ cells were detected at 48 h. GFP+cells from the samples with low transduction efficiency (<80%) wereselected by flow cytometry at 48 h for further studies.

Apoptosis, Cell Cycle, Cell Growth and Colony-Forming Cell Assays.

After transduction performed as above, GFP+ cells selected at 48 h wereexposed to NIL (2 μM and 5 μM, Novartis) for another 72 h, and analyzedusing assays for cell growth, apoptosis, cell cycle, CFC and CFCreplating. Human HSCs and mouse LT-HSCs were also treated withCpG-miR-126 inhibitor or CpG-scrRNA (500 nM), with or without NIL (5μM), for 72 h and analyzed for cell growth, apoptosis, cell cycle andCFC. Human CML HSCs co-cultured with control or miR-126 KD HUVECs andmouse CML LT-HSCs co-cultured with control or miR-126 KD ECs for 96 h,with or without NIL (5 μM), were also analyzed for cell growth,apoptosis, cell cycle and CFC. Cell growth was measured by Lumino Glo(Promega). Apoptosis was measured by labeling cells with Annexin V-PE orFITC or APC and 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (all fromBD-PharMingen, San Diego, Calif.) and analyzed by flow cytometry. Cellcycle was analyzed by Ki-67-Alexa Fluor 647 (B56, BD) and DAPI labelingbased on the manufacturer's protocol. Cells were also exposed to EdU(C10640, Invitrogen) for 2 h and EdU staining was analyzed according tothe manufacturer's protocol. Cell proliferation was also measured byCFSE staining (Molecular probes) based on the manufacturer's protocol.For CFC, Lin-CD34+CD38− cells cultured with or without NIL (5 μM) wereplated in methylcellulose progenitor culture, and burst-formingunit-erythroid and colony-forming unit-granulocyte and macrophage cellswere counted after 14 days. Colony replating assays were performed bycollecting and pooling colonies from primary CFC assays and plating10,000 cells in secondary CFC assays.

QPCR Analysis.

To measure the miRNA and mRNA expression, total RNA was extracted usingthe miRNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.). For miRNA expression,reverse transcription using MultiScribe™ Reverse Transcriptase and Q-PCRanalysis using Taqman assays (Applied Biosystems) were performedaccording to the manufacturer's protocol. RNU44 and snoRNA234 was usedas internal controls for human and mouse miRNA respectively. For mRNAexpression, first-strand cDNA was synthesized using the SuperScript IIIFirst-Strand Kit and then QPCR was performed using TaqMan GeneExpression Assays (Thermo Fisher). BCR-ABL expression in human and mousesamples were measured with primer and probe sequences for BCR-ABL (B3A2or B2A2), as previously described⁴⁶. Results are presented as log2-transformed ratio according to the 2−ΔCt method (ΔCt=Ct of target−Ctof reference).

TABLE 1 Gene name Assay ID miR-126 2228 RNU44 111094 RNU48 1006snoRNA234 1234 Pri-miR-126 Hs03303230_pri Pre-miR-126 Hs04273250_s1PIK3R2 Hs00178181_m1 SPRED1 Hs01084559_m1 BCL-2 Hs00608023_m1 β2MHs00187842_m1 Pik3r2 Mm00435694_m1 Spred1 Mm01277511_m1 β2mMm00437762_m1

miRNA Labeling and Analysis.

K562, HUVEC, normal and CML CD34+CD38− cells were cultured and incubatedwith miR126 SmartFlare RNA probe (EMD Millipore) for 16 h. To ensurethat the cell types, including K562, HUVEC and primary CML cells, wereable to effectively endocytose the SmartFlare probes, we examined theuptake of probes in these cells using SmartFlare uptake control,scramble control and housekeeping 18S control (according to themanufacturer's guidelines). Cells were then washed in 1× phosphatebuffered saline (PBS) and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 3 min. Nucleiwere counterstained with DAPI and the images were analyzed using aconfocal microscope (Carl Zeiss).

Immunofluorescence.

K562 cells were collected and washed in PBS followed by spinning downonto slides using the CytoSpin4 Cytocentrifuge (600 rpm, 10 min). Thecells were then fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min andpermeabilized in 0.5% Triton X-100 for 15 min. Non-specific epitopeswere blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS for 30 min.SPRED1 and RAN were visualized using anti-SPRED1 (ab64740, Abcam) andanti-RAN (ab4781, Abcam) antibodies and secondaryanti-mouse/rabbit-Alexa 594/488 goat antibodies (Molecular Probes). 3Dcell images were acquired using a Zeiss confocal Laser ScanningMicroscope (Carl Zeiss). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI.

Western Blotting and Immunoprecipitation Analysis.

Normal and CML CD34+ cells with or without miR-126 KD were lysed inbuffer containing 0.5% Nonidet P-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 1 mMPMSF, 50 mM NaF, 1 mM Na3VO4, and a protease inhibitor cocktail (allfrom Sigma Diagnostics). Proteins were resolved on 10% sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels andtransferred to nitrocellulose membrane. Membranes were sequentiallyreprobed with primary and secondary antibodies. Primary antibodiesincluded anti-SPRED1 antibody (M23-P2G3, # ab64740, Abcam), anti-RANantibody (C-20, # SC-1156, Santa Cruz), anti-Exportin5 antibody (D7W6W,#12565, Cell Signaling), anti-PARP antibody (#9542, Cell Signaling),anti-RCC1 antibody (F-2, # SC-376049, Santa Cruz), anti-Actin antibody(C-4, # SC-47778, Santa Cruz), anti-phospho-Tyrosine antibody (4G10,#05-321, Millipore), anti-BCL-2 antibody (124, #15071, Cell Signaling),anti-phospho-ERK (#9101, Cell Signaling), anti-normal mouse IgG (#SC-2025, Santa Cruz), anti-normal rabbit IgG (# SC-2027, Santa Cruz),CD63 (10628D, ThermoFisher), TSG101(SAB2702167, Sigma), HSP90 (2D12,Enzo Life Sciences), Cytochrome C (sc-13156, Santa Cruz). Horseradishperoxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies were from JacksonImmunoResearch Laboratories (Westgrove, Pa.). Antibody detection wasperformed using the Superfemto kit (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford,Ill.). Protein levels were determined by densitometry using Image-Quantsoftware (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.).

For fractionation, the cells were collected and washed in PBS followingfractionation into nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions using a subcellularfractionation kit (Thermo Fisher). Briefly, the cells were vigorouslyvortex in cytoplasmic extraction reagents and subsequently centrifugedto isolate the soluble cytoplasmic fraction. The remaining insolublefraction, which contains nuclei, was suspended in nuclear extractionreagent and centrifuged to collect the nuclear fraction.

For IP, the cells were washed and harvested in ice-cold PBS andsubsequently lysed in buffer containing 1 mM PMSF and 10 mM proteaseinhibitor cocktail. 500 μg of cell lysate was incubated with theindicated antibody overnight at 4° C. 30 μl of Protein A/G agarose beads(Calbiochem) were added and the mixture was inverted for 2 h at 4° C.For immunoblotting, immunoprecipitated complex or 30 μg of each celllysate were separated on NuPAGE 4-12% gradient gels (Invitrogen) andimmunocomplexes were visualized with enhanced chemiluminescence reagent(Thermo Scientific).

Kinase assay. One microgram of purified SPRED1 protein (Novus) wasincubated with recombinant active c-Abl (Sigma) and 10 μCi of [γ-32P]ATP(PerkinElmer Life Sciences) in 50 μL of kinase buffer. Reactions wereincubated at 30° C. for 1 h. Protein was separated on NuPAGE 4-12%gradient gels (Invitrogen). The gel was then dried and phosphorylatedprotein was visualized by autoradiography. SPRED1 phosphorylated byc-Abl kinase was visualized on the autoradiogram.

Northern Blot.

Northern blot was performed using a Northern blot-based protocol (LED)for micro-RNA detection using digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled miR-126 probescontaining locked nucleic acids (LNA) and1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide for cross-linking the RNAto the membrane. Briefly, total RNA was prepared using Trizol reagent(Life Technologies). 20 μg of total RNA was separated on a 15% TBE-Ureagel (Life Technologies) and transferred onto positively charged nylonmembrane (Roche). The blots were hybridized with LNA miR-126 probes for12 h. After washing twice with 2×SSC and 0.1×SSC (containing 0.1% SDS),the blots were immunoblotted with anti-DIG antibody (Roche) and exposed.

Small RNA Deep Sequencing Using Illumina HiSeq2500.

LSK cells from non-induced and induced CML mice were sorted and totalRNA was extracted using the miRNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia,Calif.). Small RNA sequencing was performed using Illumina HiSeq2500 atthe COH Integrative Genomics Core following the manufacturer's samplepreparation protocol (TruSeq Small RNA Sample Prep kit, Illumina, Inc.)with some modifications. Briefly, 250ng of total RNA was used for smRNAsequencing library construction. Total RNA was ligated to the modified3′ Adapter (5′ TCTGGAATTCTCGGGTGCCAAGGAACTCC) (SEQ ID NO:1) with T4 RNALigase 2, truncated (NEB, M0242L) for 1 h at 22° C. The unligated free3′ adaptors were blocked by annealing with RT primer (5′GGAGTTCCTTGGCACCCGAGAATTCCA) (SEQ ID NO:2) at 75° C. for 5 min, 37° C.for 30 min and 25° C. for 15 min. The product subsequently was ligatedto the modified 5′ adaptor (5′GUUCAGAGUUCUACAGUCCGACGAUCNNN) (SEQ IDNO:3) with T4 RNA ligasel (NEB, M0204L) for 1 h at 20° C. Theconstructed smRNA library was reverse-transcribed, then subjected to aPCR amplification for 12 cycles, using barcoded index primers GX1(CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGAT GTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTGTGCTCTT CCGATC) (SEQ IDNO:4) and GX2 (AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACGTTCAGAGTTCTACAGTCCGA) (SEQID NO:5); followed by 6% TBE PAGE gel purification with size selection(for targeted smRNAs of 17-35 nt). The final libraries were sequencedusing the Illumina HiSeq2500 platform in the single read mode of 51cycle of readl and 7 cycles of index read. Real-time analysis (RTA)2.2.38 software was used to process the image analysis and base calling.

Oligonucleotide Design and Synthesis.

The partially phosphothioated oligodeoxyribonucleotide(ODN) and miR-126inhibitor or scrRNA was linked using 5 units of C3 carbon chain linker,(CH2)3 (indicated by x). The constructs were also conjugated with Cy3 totrack the internalization in cells by flow cytometry. The sequences wereas follows:

CpG-miR-126 inhibitor (SEQ ID NO: 6)5′ G*G*T GCA TCG ATG CAGG*G*G* G*G xxxxx mCmGmC mAmUmU mAmUmU mAmCmU mCmAmC mGmGmU mAmCmG mA-3′ CpG-scrRNA(SEQ ID NO: 7) 5′ G*G*T GCA TCG ATG CAGG*G*G* G*G xxxxx mGmUmA mGmAmA mCmCmG mUmAmC mUmCmG mUmCmA mCmUmU mA 3′‘*’—phosphorothioation. One none bridging oxygen onphosphate replaced with sulfur.‘m’—2′-O-methyl analogue of the nucleotide 

Transferrin or Anti-CD45.2 Antibody Conjugated Nanoparticle Preparation.

Previously we developed a transferrin(TF)-targeted neutral NP deliverysystem^(47,48). Briefly, positively charged polyethylenimine andnegatively charged miR-126 inhibitor-Cy3 or scrRNA-Cy3 form a polyplexcore. This core was then loaded into pre-made anionic liposomal NPs toform lipopolyplex NPs. The formulation consisted of1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE),1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol, methoxypolyethylene glycol (DMG-PEG) andlinoleic acid. TF or anti-human CD45 antibody conjugated with1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[maleimide(polyethyleneglycol)-2000] (DSPEPEG2000 maleimide) was then post-inserted to thesurface of lipopolyplex nanoparticles (TF-NP and Ab-NP). The molar ratioof lipids to TF was 2000 as previously described^(47,48) and the molarratio of lipids to anti-CD45 antibody was optimized to 10,000.

Statistics.

Comparison between groups was performed by two-tailed, paired orunpaired Student's t-test. The log-rank test was used to assesssignificant differences between survival curves. All statisticalanalyses were performed using Prism version 6.0 software (GraphPadSoftware). Sample sizes chosen are indicated in the individual figurelegends and were not based on formal power calculations to detectprespecified effect sizes. All of the in vitro experiments wereperformed 3-6 times using biologically independent samples; the in vivoexperiments were performed using 6-16 mice in each group. P values ≤0.05were considered significant. Results shown represent mean±SEM. *p≤0.05,**p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001.

Data Availability.

miRNA deep sequencing data produced in our laboratory and analysed inthis study are available at the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repositoryof the National Center for Biotechnology Information, under theaccession number GSE107431.

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EMBODIMENTS Embodiment 1

A method of treating anemia in a subject in need thereof, said methodcomprising administering to said subject an effective amount of ananti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound.

Embodiment 2

A method of treating or preventing anemia in a subject in need thereof,said method comprising:

-   -   (i) isolating a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) from a subject,        thereby forming an isolated HSC;    -   (ii) contacting said isolated HSC with an anti-microRNA126        (miR126) compound thereby forming a contacted HSC; and        administering said contacted HSC to said subject, thereby        treating or preventing anemia in said subject.

Embodiment 3

The method of embodiment 2, wherein said contacted HSC is allowed todivide prior to said administering of step (iii).

Embodiment 4

The method of embodiment 2 or 3, wherein said isolating comprisesobtaining a biological sample from said subject and isolating said HSCfrom said biological sample.

Embodiment 5

The method of embodiment 4, wherein said biological sample is a bloodsample or a bone marrow sample.

Embodiment 6

A method of forming a red blood cell, said method comprising:

-   -   (i) contacting a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) with an        anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound, thereby forming a contacted        HSC; and        allowing said contacted HSC to divide, thereby forming a red        blood cell.

Embodiment 7

The method of embodiment 6, wherein said contacting occurs in a subject.

Embodiment 8

The method of embodiment 6 or 7, wherein said HSC is derived from abiological sample.

Embodiment 9

The method of embodiment 8, wherein said biological sample is a bloodsample or a bone marrow sample.

Embodiment 10

The method of embodiment 6, wherein said contacting occurs in vitro.

Embodiment 11

The method of embodiment 6 or 10, wherein after said contacting saidcontacted HSC is administered to a subject.

Embodiment 12

The method of any one of embodiments 2-11, wherein said contacting stepis free of viral transduction.

Embodiment 13

The method of any one of embodiments 2-12, wherein said contacting stepis free of viral transduction and said HSC is contacted with saidcompound.

Embodiment 14

The method of any one of embodiments 2-13, wherein said HSC is contactedwith about 1-100 nanomolar concentration of said compound.

Embodiment 15

The method of any one of embodiments 1-14, wherein said anti-miR126compound comprises:

-   -   (i) a phosphorothioated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN)        conjugated to an anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence;    -   (ii) a CpG-ODN conjugated to a miRNA126 mimic nucleic acid        sequence; or    -   (iii) an unconjugated anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence, wherein        said unconjugated anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence comprises        one or more phosphorothioate linkages and one or more chemically        modified nucleotides.

Embodiment 16

The method of embodiment 15, further comprising a covalent linkerbetween said CpG-ODN and said anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence orbetween said CpG-ODN and said miRNA126 mimic nucleic acid sequence.

Embodiment 17

The method of embodiment 16, wherein said linker is a substituted orunsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, orsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene.

Embodiment 18

The method of embodiment 17, wherein said linker is a substituted orunsubstituted C₁-C₄₀ alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 40membered heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 memberedheterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ arylene, orsubstituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroarylene.

Embodiment 19

The method of embodiment 17 or 18, wherein said linker is anunsubstituted C₁-C₄₀ alkylene, unsubstituted 2 to 40 memberedheteroalkylene, unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkylene, unsubstituted 3 to 8membered heterocycloalkylene, unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ arylene, orunsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroarylene.

Embodiment 20

The method of any one of embodiments 17-19, wherein said linker is asubstituted 2 to 40 membered heteroalkylene.

Embodiment 21

The method of any one of embodiments 15-20, wherein said anti-miR126nucleic acid sequence, said miRNA126 mimic nucleic acid sequence or saidunconjugated anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence are independentlychemically modified.

Embodiment 22

The method of embodiment 21, wherein said anti-miR126 nucleic acidsequence, said miRNA126 mimic nucleic acid sequence or said unconjugatedanti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence independently comprise a chemicalmodification selected for the group consisting of a 2′ O-Methyl,2′-deoxy-2′fluoro, 2′-deoxy, a universal base, 5-C-methyl, an inverteddeoxy abasic residue incorporation, and a locked nucleic acid.

Embodiment 23

The method of embodiment 22, wherein said modification is positioned atthe terminal nucleobase of said anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence, saidmiRNA126 mimic nucleic acid sequence or said unconjugated anti-miR126nucleic acid sequence.

Embodiment 24

The method of embodiment 22, wherein the modification is not positionedat the terminal nucleobase of said anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence,said miRNA126 mimic nucleic acid sequence or said unconjugatedanti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence.

Embodiment 25

The method of embodiment 23, wherein said modification protects againstserum-derived nucleases.

Embodiment 26

The method of any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the compound isadministered to the subject by intravenous, parenteral, subcutaneous,intramuscular, transdermal, intraperitoneal, intranasal, aerosol, oral,or topical administration.

Embodiment 27

The method of any one of embodiments 1-5 or 26, wherein said treatmentis dose-dependent of said compound or composition.

Embodiment 28

The method of any one of embodiments 1-5, 26 or 27, wherein about 0.001mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of said compound are administered to saidsubject.

INFORMAL SEQUENCE LISTING modified 3′ Adapter (SEQ ID NO: 1)5′ TCTGGAATTCTCGGGTGCCAAGGAACTCC RT primer (SEQ ID NO: 2)5′ GGAGTTCCTTGGCACCCGAGAATTCCA modified 5′ adaptor (SEQ ID NO: 3)5′ GUUCAGAGUUCUACAGUCCGACGAUCNNN ‘N’ can be any nucleotideindex primer GX1 (SEQ ID NO: 4)CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGATNNNNNNGTGACTGGAGTTCAGACGTG TGCTCTTCCGATC‘N’ can be any nucleotide index primer GX2 (SEQ ID NO: 5)AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACGTTCAGAGTTCTACAGTCCGA CpG-miR-126 inhibitor(SEQ ID NO: 6) 5′ G*G*T GCA TCG ATG CAGG*G*G* G*G xxxxx mCmGmC mAmUmU mAmUmU mAmCmU mCmAmC mGmGmU mAmCmG mA-3′‘*’—phosphorothioation. One none bridging oxygen onphosphate replaced with sulfur.‘m’—2′-O-methyl analogue of the nucleotide‘x’—(CH2)3. C3 carbon chain linker. CpG-scrRNA (SEQ ID NO: 7)5′ G*G*T GCA TCG ATG CAGG*G*G* G*G xxxxx mGmUmA mGmAmA mCmCmG mUmAmC mUmCmG mUmCmA mCmUmU mA 3′‘*’—phosphorothioation. One none bridging oxygen onphosphate replaced with sulfur.‘m’—2′-O-methyl analogue of the nucleotide‘x’—(CH2)3. C3 carbon chain linker.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating anemia in a subject in needthereof, said method comprising administering to said subject aneffective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound.
 2. A methodof treating or preventing anemia in a subject in need thereof, saidmethod comprising: (iii) isolating a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) froma subject, thereby forming an isolated HSC; (iv) contacting saidisolated HSC with an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound thereby forminga contacted HSC; and (v) administering said contacted HSC to saidsubject, thereby treating or preventing anemia in said subject.
 3. Themethod of claim 2, wherein said contacted HSC is allowed to divide priorto said administering of step (iii).
 4. The method of claim 2, whereinsaid isolating comprises obtaining a biological sample from said subjectand isolating said HSC from said biological sample.
 5. The method ofclaim 4, wherein said biological sample is a blood sample or a bonemarrow sample.
 6. A method of forming a red blood cell, said methodcomprising: (i) contacting a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) with ananti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound, thereby forming a contacted HSC; and(ii) allowing said contacted HSC to divide, thereby forming a red bloodcell.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said contacting occurs in asubject.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein said HSC is derived from abiological sample.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said biologicalsample is a blood sample or a bone marrow sample.
 10. The method ofclaim 6, wherein said contacting occurs in vitro.
 11. The method ofclaim 6, wherein after said contacting said contacted HSC isadministered to a subject.
 12. The method of claim 2, wherein saidcontacting step is free of viral transduction.
 13. The method of claim 2wherein said contacting step is free of viral transduction and said HSCis contacted with said compound.
 14. The method of claim 2, wherein saidHSC is contacted with about 1-100 nanomolar concentration of saidcompound.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein said anti-miR126 compoundcomprises: (iii) a phosphorothioated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN)conjugated to an anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence; (iv) a CpG-ODNconjugated to a miRNA126 mimic nucleic acid sequence; or (iii) anunconjugated anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence, wherein saidunconjugated anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence comprises one or morephosphorothioate linkages and one or more chemically modifiednucleotides.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising a covalentlinker between said CpG-ODN and said anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequenceor between said CpG-ODN and said miRNA126 mimic nucleic acid sequence.17. The method of claim 16, wherein said linker is a substituted orunsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, orsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene.
 18. The method of claim 17,wherein said linker is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄₀ alkylene,substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 40 membered heteroalkylene,substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkylene, substituted orunsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkylene, substituted orunsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 10membered heteroarylene.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein said linkeris an unsubstituted C₁-C₄₀ alkylene, unsubstituted 2 to 40 memberedheteroalkylene, unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkylene, unsubstituted 3 to 8membered heterocycloalkylene, unsubstituted C₆-C₁₀ arylene, orunsubstituted 5 to 10 membered heteroarylene.
 20. The method of claim17, wherein said linker is a substituted 2 to 40 memberedheteroalkylene.
 21. The method of claim 15, wherein said anti-miR126nucleic acid sequence, said miRNA126 mimic nucleic acid sequence or saidunconjugated anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence are independentlychemically modified.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein saidanti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence, said miRNA126 mimic nucleic acidsequence or said unconjugated anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequenceindependently comprise a chemical modification selected for the groupconsisting of a 2′ O-Methyl, 2′-deoxy-2′fluoro, 2′-deoxy, a universalbase, 5-C-methyl, an inverted deoxy abasic residue incorporation, and alocked nucleic acid.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein saidmodification is positioned at the terminal nucleobase of saidanti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence, said miRNA126 mimic nucleic acidsequence or said unconjugated anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence.
 24. Themethod of claim 22, wherein the modification is not positioned at theterminal nucleobase of said anti-miR126 nucleic acid sequence, saidmiRNA126 mimic nucleic acid sequence or said unconjugated anti-miR126nucleic acid sequence.
 25. The method of claim 23, wherein saidmodification protects against serum-derived nucleases.
 26. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the compound is administered to the subject byintravenous, parenteral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, transdermal,intraperitoneal, intranasal, aerosol, oral, or topical administration.27. The method of claim 1, wherein said treatment is dose-dependent ofsaid compound or composition.
 28. The method of claim 1, wherein about0.001 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of said compound are administered to saidsubject.
 29. A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof,the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a therapeuticallyeffective amount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound.
 30. A methodof treating cancer in a subject undergoing cancer treatment, the methodincluding administering to the subject a therapeutically effectiveamount of an anti-microRNA126 (miR126) compound.
 31. The method of claim29 or 30, wherein the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is dasatinib,bevacizumab, vatalanib, vemurafenib, vandetanib, cabozantinib, poatinib,axitinib, ruxolitinib, regorafenib, crizotinib, bosutinib, lapatinib,lenvatinib, mubritinib, nilotinib, panitumumab or pazopanib.
 32. Themethod of any one of claims 29-31, wherein said anti-microRNA126(miR126) compound is an anti-miR126 nucleic acid.
 33. The method ofclaim 32, wherein said anti-miR126 nucleic acid comprises the sequenceof SEQ ID NO:6.